Concentrations of Organochlorines Related to Titers to Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen IgG as Risk Factors for Hairy Cell Leukemia

Nordström, Marie; Hardell, Lennart; Lindström, Gunilla; Wingfors, Håkan; Hardell, Karin; Linde, Annika

doi:10.1289/ehp.00108441

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(20 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…We suggest that the concurrent respiratory infection during this bioassay presented an immune challenge that was lacking in other bioassays, and that it led to the observation of NHL. This experimental condition is the most consistent with the observations in epidemiology studies of significant, positive interaction between blood levels of PCBs and titers of antibodies to the EBV virus (Hardell et al 2009;Nordstrom et al 2000;Rothman et al 1997). The impact of an immune challenge during exposure to carcinogens acting via an immune system MOA deserves further study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…A respiratory infection went through the colony during the NCI (1978) study, causing illness but no deaths, whereas the animals in the GE study were certified free of many pathogens. The explanation for joint action of an immunosuppressive effect and an immune challenge to cause NHL is consistent with the observations in epidemiology studies of significant, positive interaction between blood levels of PCBs and titers of antibodies to EBV early antigen (Hardell et al 2009;Nordstrom et al 2000;Rothman et al 1997).…”

Section: Observations That May Indicate Nhlsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Several case-control studies examined both blood levels of PCBs and the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), measured as titers of antibody against the early antigen of EBV. These studies provide evidence of a significant, positive interaction between blood levels of PCBs and titers of antibodies to EBV early antigen and risk of NHL (Hardell et al 2009;Nordstrom et al 2000;Rothman et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Methodological Limitations May Prevent the Observation of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Bioassays of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Strauss

Heiger-Bernays

2012

Toxicol Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Epidemiological studies increasingly indicate that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contribute to the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In rodent bioassays, PCBs have long been demonstrated to be liver carcinogens, and excess tumors in the thyroid, lung, and other organs have been observed in more recent studies. Leukemias and lymphomas now classified as NHL were observed in one bioassay in which a concurrent infection was also reported. Clinical and epidemiological studies show immunosuppression and inflammation are strong risk factors for NHL, and both epidemiology and toxicology studies show that PCBs are immunosuppressive and cause inflammation. We reviewed published carcinogenesis bioassays conducted using commercial PCB products, individual congeners, and congener mixtures, with a focus on bioassay protocols and immune-related observations. Based on a mode-of-action framework for PCBs, we suggest that an immune challenge in conjunction with PCB exposure may be necessary for the observation of NHL. We conclude that the lack of concordance between human epidemiology and animal bioassays with respect to NHL may simply be the result of the bioassay methodology used, and not a difference in underlying biology. The lack of concordance should not be construed as evidence that PCBs do not contribute to the risk of NHL.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Observations That May Indicate Nhlsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 71%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Methodological Limitations May Prevent the Observation of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Bioassays of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Strauss

Heiger-Bernays

2012

Toxicol Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Instead it is of interest that exposure to certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs), pesticides and organic solvents have been implicated to be of etiologic significance (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). An interaction between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and pesticides in the aetiology of NHL has been shown in some studies (8,9,(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titres of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens and the risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Hardell

Carlberg²,

Hardell³

et al. 2009

Oncol Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Exposure to some pesticides and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has been indicated to be a risk factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been associated with some subgroups of NHL. In a previous study we found an interaction between high concentrations of some POPs and titres of antibodies to EBV early antigen (EA IgG) in relation to NHL. In the present study we measured lipid adjusted plasma concentrations of 35 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethyelene (p,p'-DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), seven subgroups of chlordanes (cisheptachlorepoxide, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, oxychlordane, MC6, trans-nonachlordane, cis-nonachlordane) and one polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) congener (no. 47) in 99 cases with NHL and 99 population based controls. Odds ratios (OR) for NHL were estimated. Sum of PCBs > median in the controls gave odds ratio (OR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-3.9. High sum of chlordanes yielded OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.5. An interaction with EBV EA IgG was found. High sum of PCB gave OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.9-14 in the group with EA IgG > 40. Similarly HCB yielded OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.9-15, pp'-DDE gave OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4-7.7 and sum of chlordanes yielded OR 6.8, 95% CI 2.3-20, whereas no association was found with PBDE. In summary, this study confirmed an association between certain POPs and NHL with an interaction with titre of IgG antibody to EBV EA.

show abstract

“…Our results showing the highest risk for exposure to phenoxyacetic acids and chlorophenols with a rather short latency period may fit with the findings among organ transplantation patients. The finding of an interaction between chemicals and EBV might be of interest in this context (Hardell et al 2001a(Hardell et al , 2001bNordström et al 1999Nordström et al , 2002. Exposure to the risk factors discussed here, such as phenoxyacetic acids (e.g., Hormoslyr), chlorophenols, and organic solvents, has mainly been occupational.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Is the decline of the increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Sweden and other countries a result of cancer preventive measures?

Hardell

Eriksson

2003

Environ Health Perspect

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Is the decline of the increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in Sweden and other countries a result of cancer preventive measures? The yearly age-standardized incidence of NHL increased significantly in Sweden during 1971-1990, for men an average of 3.2% and for women 3.1%. The corresponding figures for 1991-2000 were -0.8% and -0.2%, respectively. A decline of the increasing incidence has also been seen in other countries, such as the United States, Finland, and Denmark. Immunosuppression is one established risk factor for NHL, possibly with interaction with Epstein-Barr virus. Phenoxyacetic acids and chlorophenols, both pesticides, have been associated with NHL. Use of these chemicals was banned in Sweden in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Also, persistent organic pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, chlordanes, and dioxins have been shown to increase the risk. Exposure of the whole population occurs predominantly through the food chain. Exposure to such chemicals was highest in the 1960s and 1970s. Because of regulation in the 1970s, exposure has declined substantially in the population. The change in incidence of NHL in Sweden and other countries may serve as a good example of how prohibition and limitation of exposure may be reflected in cancer statistics some decades later.

show abstract

Concentrations of Organochlorines Related to Titers to Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen IgG as Risk Factors for Hairy Cell Leukemia

Cited by 30 publications

References 15 publications

Methodological Limitations May Prevent the Observation of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Bioassays of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Methodological Limitations May Prevent the Observation of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in Bioassays of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Concentrations of organohalogen compounds and titres of antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus antigens and the risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Is the decline of the increasing incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Sweden and other countries a result of cancer preventive measures?

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About