Contribution of electric vehicles for frequency regulation in presence of diverse power sources and transmission links

Dutta, Arunima; Debbarma, Sanjoy

doi:10.1109/icit.2018.8352345

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The problem of integrating an electric vehicle in the power system and optimally dispatching its participation in the LFC was discussed in [31]. A. Dutta has considered the LFC of a MSPS with electric vehicles, interconnected using transmission links [32]. In the case of AGC of a two-area power system (TAPS), the challenges of designing an intelligent controller were shown in [33].…”

Section: Lfc In a Two-area Power System With Conventional Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LFC in conventional power system with single area Contemporary technologies for energy storage; behavior of the load; impact of data latency on LFC; algorithms for optimal tuning of LFC [23][24][25][26] LFC in conventional power system with two area Multi-source two area power system with PI controller; reliability concerns; whale optimization algorithm; multi-source power system with PV and wind turbine; electric vehicle with LFC challenges; multiple sources and the related challenges; intelligent controller for AGC [27][28][29][30][31][32][33] LFC in conventional power system with multiple area controllers for LFC of MAPS; flower pollination algorithm; wind driven optimization algorithm for LFC; GRC with nonlinearity; stochastic fractional search algorithm for LFC; hybrid ALO pattern search optimization; effect of cascade controller on electric vehicles; security concern related to LFC [34][35][36][37][38][39][40] LFC in power system with renewable sources social spider optimizer technique; LFC for multi micro grid power system; improvisation of swarm optimization technique; grasshopper optimization technique; intelligent optimization techniques with renewable sources [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] Advancements in controllers for LFC of power system…”

Section: Domain Key Problems Addressed Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems

et al. 2021

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The automatic load frequency control for multi-area power systems has been a challenging task for power system engineers. The complexity of this task further increases with the incorporation of multiple sources of power generation. For multi-source power system, this paper presents a new heuristic-based hybrid optimization technique to achieve the objective of automatic load frequency control. In particular, the proposed optimization technique regulates the frequency deviation and the tie-line power in multi-source power system. The proposed optimization technique uses the main features of three different optimization techniques, namely, the Firefly Algorithm (FA), the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA). The proposed algorithm was used to tune the parameters of a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller to achieve the automatic load frequency control of the multi-source power system. The integral time absolute error was used as the objective function. Moreover, the controller was also tuned to ensure that the tie-line power and the frequency of the multi-source power system were within the acceptable limits. A two-area power system was designed using MATLAB-Simulink tool, consisting of three types of power sources, viz., thermal power plant, hydro power plant, and gas-turbine power plant. The overall efficacy of the proposed algorithm was tested for two different case studies. In the first case study, both the areas were subjected to a load increment of 0.01 p.u. In the second case, the two areas were subjected to different load increments of 0.03 p.u and 0.02 p.u, respectively. Furthermore, the settling time and the peak overshoot were considered to measure the effect on the frequency deviation and on the tie-line response. For the first case study, the settling times for the frequency deviation in area-1, the frequency deviation in area-2, and the tie-line power flow were 8.5 s, 5.5 s, and 3.0 s, respectively. In comparison, these values were 8.7 s, 6.1 s, and 5.5 s, using PSO; 8.7 s, 7.2 s, and 6.5 s, using FA; and 9.0 s, 8.0 s, and 11.0 s using GSA. Similarly, for case study II, these values were: 5.5 s, 5.6 s, and 5.1 s, using the proposed algorithm; 6.2 s, 6.3 s, and 5.3 s, using PSO; 7.0 s, 6.5 s, and 10.0 s, using FA; and 8.5 s, 7.5 s, and 12.0 s, using GSA. Thus, the proposed algorithm performed better than the other techniques.

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Section: Lfc In a Two-area Power System With Conventional Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Domain Key Problems Addressed Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems

et al. 2021

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“…In [48], a frequency control model for two-area power systems considering the contribution of batteries and SMES is described. Reference [49] proposes LFC model of conventional two-area power systems combined with the participation of electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Stochastic nature of electrical load is considered for LFC models in [31,32].…”

Section: Dual-area Power Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their numerous technical and economic advantages, HVDC transmission links have been widely used in modern electric power systems. Therefore, HVDC dynamic models have been considered in LFC studies to investigate their impacts [49,[82][83][84][85][86][87]. In this regard, two-and three-area power systems connected together by AC/DC tie-lines are studied in [84][85][86].…”

Section: Electric Power Systems With Hvdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2018

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Power systems are the most complex systems that have been created by men in history. To operate such systems in a stable mode, several control loops are needed. Voltage frequency plays a vital role in power systems which need to be properly controlled. To this end, primary and secondary frequency control loops are used to control the frequency of the voltage in power systems. Secondary frequency control, which is called Load Frequency Control (LFC), is responsible for maintaining the frequency in a desirable level after a disturbance. Likewise, the power exchanges between different control areas are controlled by LFC approaches. In recent decades, many control approaches have been suggested for LFC in power systems. This paper presents a comprehensive literature survey on the topic of LFC. In this survey, the used LFC models for diverse configurations of power systems are firstly investigated and classified for both conventional and future smart power systems. Furthermore, the proposed control strategies for LFC are studied and categorized into different control groups. The paper concludes with highlighting the research gaps and presenting some new research directions in the field of LFC.Energies 2018, 11, 2497 2 of 35 before triggering the under/over frequency protection relays. The primary frequency control is usually implemented by the governor droop which results in steady stated errors. The secondary frequency control, which is called load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC), is responsible for regulating the frequency in power systems and has two main goals: (i) maintaining the frequency into a desirable range; and (ii) controlling the interchange power through major tie-lines between the different control areas. The main task of tertiary control level is re-dispatching generating units and ancillary reserve after a sever disturbance.With increasing the penetration level of renewable resources such as wind farms and photovoltaic plants in power systems, the uncertainties of active power production is highly increased, thus determining frequency variations. Such increase in active power fluctuation, beside the demand stochasticity, the frequency of power system would be highly oscillated. Therefore, future power systems need more robust and optimal LFC approaches that can handle such problems.Many control approaches have been suggested for LFC in interconnected power systems. These approaches can be categorized into four groups: (i) classical control approaches focus on designing proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers for controlling the frequency and tie-lines power flows; (ii) modern control approaches including optimal control method, sliding mode control schemes, and adaptive control systems; (iii) intelligent control schemes, such as fuzzy control systems; and (iv) soft computing-based approaches for controllers' parameter tuning which had a considerable attention from researchers in the last decade. Survey MethodologySeveral methodologies can be followed for conduc...

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Combined frequency and voltage regulation in multi-area system using an equilibrium optimiser based non-integer controller with penetration of electric vehicles

Shukla

Raju

2023

International Journal of Ambient Energy

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Contribution of electric vehicles for frequency regulation in presence of diverse power sources and transmission links

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems

Load Frequency Control Using Hybrid Intelligent Optimization Technique for Multi-Source Power Systems

Challenges and Opportunities of Load Frequency Control in Conventional, Modern and Future Smart Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Combined frequency and voltage regulation in multi-area system using an equilibrium optimiser based non-integer controller with penetration of electric vehicles

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