Copepod respiration increases by 7% per °C increase in temperature: A meta‐analysis

Abstract

Exponential increase in respiration rate with increasing temperature in poikilotherms is well documented, however, the rate of change varies greatly across copepod taxa. Studies often report magnitude of change, but the rate of change in respiration across multiple temperatures is equivocal. We used 32 studies spanning 78 yrs of research and 50 copepod species (three orders) to quantify percent change in respiration rates per one‐unit change in temperature. We found that copepod respiration rates increased by approximately 7% per °C increase in water temperature across the orders Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Harpacticoida. Neither food availability nor scaling respiration to copepod dry weight affected the rate of change of respiration rates. Studies using Winkler titration to measure oxygen consumption produced significantly larger percent changes in respiration, whereas newer methods such as fiber optics produced smaller effects. These results have far reaching implications for understanding how copepod respiration responds to increasing water temperatures.

Distinguishing between active plasticity due to thermal acclimation and passive plasticity due toQ10effects: Why methodology matters

“…Q 10 was used as the effect size. Variance in Q 10 was calculated using the delta method (Hoef, ) when sample sizes and variances in metabolic rates were provided by original authors (using a similar method as Heine et al, ; see File S2: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.10125248.v2). Studies where variances in Q 10 s could not be calculated were excluded from meta‐analyses but included when graphing results.…”

Why Do Insects Close Their Spiracles? A Meta-Analytic Evaluation of the Adaptive Hypothesis of Discontinuous Gas Exchange in Insects

“…While an inverse relationship between the metabolic rate and temperature is well documented in insects across all gas patterns (see [66] and references therein), our results show that metabolic rate exhibits an 8.13% per • C increase in temperature, at least for insects breathing discontinuously. Although not directly related, another meta-analytic study found that copepods respiration increases by 7% per • C increase in temperature [29]. Thus, we suggest that this range reflects the general characteristics of arthropod ectothermic poikilotherms.…”

“…The comparison of studies using slope is advantageous over common Q 10 values in two ways. It can be used to compare metabolic rate across more than two temperatures and its interpretation does not require reference to other Q 10 values [29]. Irlich et al [61] conducted a meta-analytic evaluation of metabolic-rate temperature relationships on a global level (i.e., irrespective of the gas pattern) in insects.…”

“…For objective 3, the effect size from each study was calculated as a function of change (slope; β 1 ) in respiration per • C increase in temperature. Since studies reported the mean metabolic rate (ml CO 2 g −1 h −1 ) and standard error/deviation of mean rates (σ M ), the standard error of the log-linear model (σ LM ) was first calculated using the delta method [28,29]:…”

“…This was estimated in 18 studies with 30 effect sizes distributed in 23 species in 12 families of nine orders, estimating the metabolic rate across a minimum of two temperatures for a single species exhibiting a DGC. The effect size (slope) of the log-linear model gives an index of the percent change in the metabolic rate per • C increase in temperature [29]. With the inclusion of order phylogeny, family, and species as random effects, the model reflected that the metabolic rate exhibited a significant, non-zero increase of 8.13% (± 3.48% 95% CI; p < 0.001) per • C increase in temperature (Supplementary Materials S6).…”