Cosmopolitanism: An alternative way of thinking in the contemporary Olympics

Experiencing the Myth: Greekness and the German Hero

“…Athletic success in international sporting events can trigger or awaken national memories: a resurgence or revival of custom codes associated with national identity (Maguire & Poulton, 1999;Patsantaras, 2015). Accordingly, we argue that the Greek football players, as representatives of their nation, were transformed or converted into an imaginary shield in order to defend national continuity and national uniqueness, while symbolically reflecting, through their 2004 sport action/triumph, the special charisma of the Greek nation.…”

“…The first part seeks to understand how a sporting event, and in this case a football triumph, is linked to perceptions of a nation, thus discussing views on national identity (Anderson, 1983;Elias, 1996;Hobsbawn, 1983) while taking into account exploratory studies on the semantic coupling of sporting events with national identification (Elling et al 2014;Joke, 2005;Lechner, 2007;Maguire & Poulton, 1999;Patsantaras, 2015;Vincent et al, 2010).…”

Political Leanings and Attitudes of Physical Education Students Towards Homosexuality

“…Conservative social values and positions are usually associated with right wing affiliations or leanings and/or extreme right-wing authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, and political opinions studies argue that right-wing authoritarianism entails a combination of aggression and prejudice towards non-mainstream groups considered incompatible with prevailing social norms, attitudes and values, which certainly include homosexuality (Patsantaras, 2015;Navarrete & Fessler, 2006;Faulkner, Schaller, Park, & Duncan, 2004;Laythe, Finkel, & Kirkpatrick, 2001).…”

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“…Reproducing homophobia in the sport male preserve are patriarchal gendered structures, social behaviors and attitudes which are clearly linked to concepts of masculinity and male identity or the masculinity of male athletes (Kamberidou, 2009;Ensign, Yiamouyiannis, White & Ridpath, 2011;Roper & Halloran, 2007;Patsantaras 2013Patsantaras , 2015. Studies repeatedly argue that "mannish" social behavior, [4] the aggressive and domineering expression of masculinity and male attitudes (Anderson, 2002;Hemphill & Symons, 2009;Patsantaras, 2015), are part of the value system of sports which is defined as hegemonic masculinity (Hemphill & Symons, 2009;Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005;Anderson, 2002).…”

“…Reproducing homophobia in the sport male preserve are patriarchal gendered structures, social behaviors and attitudes which are clearly linked to concepts of masculinity and male identity or the masculinity of male athletes (Kamberidou, 2009;Ensign, Yiamouyiannis, White & Ridpath, 2011;Roper & Halloran, 2007;Patsantaras 2013Patsantaras , 2015. Studies repeatedly argue that "mannish" social behavior, [4] the aggressive and domineering expression of masculinity and male attitudes (Anderson, 2002;Hemphill & Symons, 2009;Patsantaras, 2015), are part of the value system of sports which is defined as hegemonic masculinity (Hemphill & Symons, 2009;Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005;Anderson, 2002). In other words, the values and roles that boys and men have to adopt in the context of competitive sports include dominance, aggressiveness, competitiveness, athletic ability, patience, risk taking, strength, individual confidence and control, consequently confirming they belong to "the male side" and not to the diametrically opposite, associated with homosexuality or effeminacy, the latter traditionally associated with women and girls, that is to say socially accepted female traits, behaviors or mannerisms (Cheng, 1999;Wellard, 2006;Hartill, 2008;Kamberidou, 2012;Patsantaras, 2014).…”