Coupon Procedures for Evaluating Lead and Copper Solubility

Cornwell, David A.; Wagner, Janelle L.

doi:10.1002/awwa.1377

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…One study aptly explained that "bench-scale immersion tests can be a useful tool for bridging the academic desktop studies and the more expensive loop demonstration testing" (Medlar & Chalmers 1994). Similarly, Cornwell & Wagner (2019) stated that bench-scale immersion tests can provide useful and reproducible results for optimizing OCCT at lower cost and duration than extensive pipe loop testing.…”

Section: Immersion Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This regulatory change is consistent with recommendations in the CDPHE guidance to evaluate legacy scales on LSLs using a flowing pipe loop apparatus with harvested LSLs. (Cornwell & Wagner 2019, Kirmeyer et al 2004, USEPA 1993. While immersion testing does not provide a direct representation of lead and copper levels in LCR compliance sampling at the tap, the results provide a relative indication of metals release for each test water in comparison with a control condition.…”

Section: Development Of the Colorado Department Of Publicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immersion testing has been used to evaluate corrosion mechanisms, determine OCCT, and screen multiple corrosion control treatment alternatives to narrow the field of test conditions for subsequent pipe loop tests (Cornwell & Wagner 2019, Kirmeyer et al 2004, USEPA 1993). While immersion testing does not provide a direct representation of lead and copper levels in LCR compliance sampling at the tap, the results provide a relative indication of metals release for each test water in comparison with a control condition.…”

Section: Overview Of Corrosion Testing Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Colorado's Bench‐Scale Lead and Copper Corrosion Testing Protocol

Arnold¹,

Rhoades²,

Criswell³

et al. 2021

Journal AWWA

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Key Takeaways The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment developed a standardized protocol for corrosion testing procedures that is available as a resource for utilities. Immersion testing can be used to evaluate corrosion mechanisms, determine optimal corrosion control treatment, and examine the impacts of source water or treatment changes, while greatly reducing the cost and complexity compared with pipe loop testing. Exploring various resources, such as academic research, first‐hand utility experience, and water industry guidelines, can help a utility select the corrosion testing approach that best suits its needs and circumstances.

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Section: Immersion Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Of the Colorado Department Of Publicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Overview Of Corrosion Testing Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Colorado's Bench‐Scale Lead and Copper Corrosion Testing Protocol

Arnold¹,

Rhoades²,

Criswell³

et al. 2021

Journal AWWA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Coupon studies use metal pieces of lead, copper, iron, or steel to compare CCTs that may reduce metals release (Arnold et al, 2021;Cornwell & Wagner, 2019;Kirmeyer et al, 1996;US EPA, 2016). These studies can normally be completed in a month to several months (Kirmeyer et al, 2004(Kirmeyer et al, , 1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies can normally be completed in a month to several months (Kirmeyer et al, 2004, 1996). Coupon studies have been used to evaluate corrosion mechanisms, determine OCCT, and screen multiple CCT alternatives to be tested in pipe rigs (Arnold et al, 2021; Clark et al, 2015; Cornwell & Wagner, 2019; Edwards & Triantafyllidou, 2007; Kirmeyer et al, 2004; Korshin et al, 1999; Masters & Edwards, 2015; Pieper et al, 2016). These studies typically use new material coupons which lack the scales present in the distribution system needed to predict whether a change in CCT will disrupt existing complex scales formed over decades in distribution systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of coupon and pipe rack studies for selecting corrosion control treatment

Masters

Poncelet‐Johnson²,

Walsh³

et al. 2022

AWWA Water Science

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This study directly compared the data obtained from coupon studies and flow‐through pipe rack studies from two sources in the Denver Water system. The pipe rack study was completed over multiple years using harvested lead service lines. The coupon studies were completed in about 2 months using pure lead coupons. Orthophosphate at 2 mg/L was found to reduce lead concentrations by about 81% in the pipe racks, whereas 74%–81% was observed in the coupons. At an orthophosphate dose of 1 mg/L lead concentrations were reduced by 62%–65% in the pipe loop and by 55%–75% in the coupons, pH at 8.8 reduced lead by 45%–60% in the pipe racks and by 27%–48% in the coupons. The pipe racks were able to give insights into the transition from one condition to another, which is time‐based and dependent on existing pipe scales. Both types of demonstration studies produced similar conclusions about treatment options. The pipe rack was more representative of conditions in the distribution system while the coupon studies were performed in a fraction of the time.

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A literature review of bench top and pilot lead corrosion assessment studies

Devine¹,

Triantafyllidou²

2023

AWWA Water Science

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Bench top and pilot lead corrosion studies are gaining more interest, considering revisions and upcoming improvements to the Lead and Copper Rule. This literature review identified studies ranging from simpler month(s)‐long bench top dump‐and‐fill stagnant water tests (coupon tests/standing pipe tests) to more complicated year(s)‐long intermittent flow pilot studies (recirculating pipe loops/once through pipe rigs). With increasing complexity in design and operation, studies more closely approximated real plumbing conditions (e.g., by incorporating harvested lead pipes and intermittent flow regimes) at increased cost, footprint, and duration. Comparison of bench top and pilot designs (in terms of lead test piece age/dimensions/configuration/replicates, study duration, sample collection, and other factors) can assist drinking water utilities, consultants, academics, and others to select a design that matches their needs and constraints. No matter the choice, surrogate systems cannot replace actual system water testing and are best complemented by other corrosion assessment tools.

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Coupon Procedures for Evaluating Lead and Copper Solubility

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

Colorado's Bench‐Scale Lead and Copper Corrosion Testing Protocol

Colorado's Bench‐Scale Lead and Copper Corrosion Testing Protocol

Comparison of coupon and pipe rack studies for selecting corrosion control treatment

A literature review of bench top and pilot lead corrosion assessment studies

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