COVID-19 and skin: Analysis of the available data

Abstract

Background: This review aims to search the literature for possible cutaneous involvement in patients with COVID-19 infections. Such an analysis could provide dermatologists and other physicians with valuable information on the possible clinical manifestations of the disease as well as suggest a certain immunological pathway of the infectious process. Materials and Methods: A thorough search for the online literature available in scientific databases was conducted. Currently, data on cutaneous involvement is scarce, but, nonetheless, present. The papers found were divided into three categories-reported cases, exacerbations of preexisting skin diseases, and skin manifestations of preventive measures and treatment-and analyzed. Discussion: Dermatologists should take into consideration a COVID-19 infection in patients with diffuse exanthems, whether petechial, vesicular, urticaria-like, or otherwise. Specific patterns of lesions of the skin or of mucous membranes in COVID-19 infections have not yet been defined. Dermatologists should be expecting to deal with aggravated preexisting skin diseases, as well as deal with and minimize skin problems caused by the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

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Appreciable antagonism Bistorta, Potentilla and calamine manifests towards bruises in COVID-19 μ variant

“…In their classification, the livedo reticularis/racemosalike pattern has been distinguished by the purpuric "vasculitic" pattern because the former likely recognizes a occlusive/microthrombotic vasculopathic etiology, while the latter can be more likely considered the expression of a "true" vasculitic process [3][4][5]. Instead, the classification by Galván Casas et al [6] merged these two patterns into the category "livedo/ necrosis" .…”

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“…In Italy, the National Statistical System, which comprises a broad coalition of private and public bodies, publishes annual reports that contain official statistics used in the country's scenario publications, such as the Integrated National and Climate Plan (INECP) [108]. In Denmark, the Danish Energy Agency issues the Energy Cost and Technology catalogues, which make widely-available yearly updates on costs and technology efficiency, which are used as a reference point for scenario building [134]. In the United States, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) publishes the Annual Technology Baseline report, which features current and forecasted cost and data for various technologies for use in the energy sector [135].…”