Crosslinked poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC): Structure and mechanical properties

Geng, Shiyu; Haque, Md. Minhaz‐Ul; Oksman, Kristiina

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.02.013

Cited by 64 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…When the content of the CNCs was higher, some hydroxyl groups of the PVA chains and CNCs were only interacted by hydrogen bonding, which is weaker than bonding in the crosslinked structure, due to the limited amount of borax used in this study. This could be confirmed by Geng et al . The reaction of CNCs with tetrahydroborate ions can affect the crosslinking of polymer chains.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Schultz and Myers showed that the mechanical properties of borax crosslinked PVAc films depend on the pH. The tensile strength of 2.5 MPa at pH of 4 increased to 18.3 MPa at pH 11 and similarly Young's modulus of 0.1 GPa increased to 1.2 GPa . The increase of pH can generate more tetrahydroborate ions to crosslink the functional groups of PVAc, resulting in a higher degree of crosslinking.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films with cellulose nanocrystals: Mechanical and thermal properties

Tanpichai

Oksman

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this work, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were crosslinked using sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the neat PVA. The results showed that the CNCs affected the crystallization behavior of the crosslinked PVA. The crystallization temperature of the crosslinked PVA with CNCs increased considerably from ∼152 to ∼187 °C. The continuous improvement of the thermal stability was observed with the increasing content of CNCs in the crosslinked PVA films. Additionally, the strong interaction between the CNCs and PVA was theoretically estimated from the Young's modulus values of the composites. Thermodynamic mechanical testing revealed that the crosslinked PVA composite films with CNCs could bear higher loads at high temperature compared to the films without the CNCs. At 60 °C, 2.7 GPa was reported for the storage modulus of the crosslinked composites with 3 wt % of CNCs, twice as high as that for the crosslinked films without CNCs. Moreover, creep results were improved when CNCs were added in the crosslinked nanocomposites. The materials prepared in this work could broaden the opportunities for applications in a wide range of temperatures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45710.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films with cellulose nanocrystals: Mechanical and thermal properties

Tanpichai

Oksman

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…However, the addition of CNF at higher loading has resulted in the agglomeration and formation of voids in the polymer network, which increased the mobility of polymer chains. Other DMA data also showed remarkable improvements in the storage modulus over a wide range of temperature for a large number of polymer nanocomposites with nanocellulose, such as poly(styrene‐co‐butyl acrylate), unsaturated polyester, poly(butylene succinate), nanoclay, poly(vinyl acetate), PLA, and natural rubber …”

Section: Thermal Properties Of Nanocellulose Compositesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Thermal properties of nanocellulose‐reinforced composites: A review

Gan

Sam

Abdullah

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

216

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Nanocellulose has received increasing attention in science and industry in recent years as a nanoscale material for the reinforcement of polymer matrix composites due to its superior mechanical properties, renewability, and biodegradability. New nanocellulose sources, modifications, and treatments are under development to reduce the high energy required during production and to create a more suitable industrial-scale production process. Thus, this paper reviews plant-based nanocellulose composites and their properties, with a focus on their thermal-related characteristics. The purpose of this review is to establish for readers the impact of the incorporation of nanocellulose on the thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of nanocellulose composites. Understanding of the thermal properties is important for researchers to assess the suitability of the nanocomposites for a variety of applications in response to new and evolving societal requirements.The first NFC was produced from wood by using high-pressure homogenization without any pretreatment. 11,12 However, this method is a very energy-intensive process. Therefore, chemical treatments such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation combined with mechanical and chemical

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“…Moreover, the hard segments were characterized by higher crystallinity that reduces the chain mobility of the polymer . The addition of CNC, characterized by its hydrophilic nature , into the TPU matrices influenced their WAC .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement effect of cellulose nanocrystals in thermoplastic polyurethane matrices characterized by different soft/hard segment ratio

Fortunati

Luzi

Janke

et al. 2017

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Commercial polyurethanes, characterized by different soft/hard segment ratios, were used as matrices for the production of TPU/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) nanocomposite films. TPU have excellent mechanical properties, chemical stability, easy processing, and can be used in some different application fields as biomedical sector. The selected grades exhibit excellent abrasion resistance, toughness, transparency, hydrolytic stability, and fungus resistance. In this context, the main objective was to understand how CNC interact with the different structures and composition of commercial TPU and to analyze its effect on the final mechanical, thermal, morphological, and water absorption properties of TPU/CNC systems. The results for morphological investigations underlined that CNC were well individualized and dispersed in TPU matrices. They were able to act as nucleation agents and as mechanical reinforcement phases in the thermoplastic matrices with an evident increase of Young's modulus and the tensile strength induced by the presence of CNC that offered a tailored reinforcement effect in both the elastic and plastic region. The interaction of all systems with water proved that all the materials saturated after 24 h and maintained their original shape, suggesting applicability also in high humidity environmental conditions of the proposed formulations. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:521–530, 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Crosslinked poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC): Structure and mechanical properties

Cited by 64 publications

References 34 publications

Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films with cellulose nanocrystals: Mechanical and thermal properties

Crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films with cellulose nanocrystals: Mechanical and thermal properties

Thermal properties of nanocellulose‐reinforced composites: A review

Reinforcement effect of cellulose nanocrystals in thermoplastic polyurethane matrices characterized by different soft/hard segment ratio

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