Cytotoxicity, Adhesion and Invasion ofClostridium septicumin Cultured Human Epithelial Cells (CACO-2, HEp-2): Pathological Significance of Swarm Cell Differentiation

Wilson, Lydia; Macfarlane, G.T.

doi:10.1006/anae.1996.0009

Cited by 9 publications

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“…Marked differences have been reported in the expression of several virulence attributes in P. mirabilis swarm cells, including increased urease, hemolysin, and flagellin synthesis, while swarm cells were found to be more invasive to epithelial cells than the short rod forms (4). However, the reverse is true in C. septicum, where short motile rods are more hemolytic and are more cytotoxic and invasive to Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells than are swarming bacteria (51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples (0.1 ml) were spread onto Wilkins-Chalgren agar plates containing 4% (wt/vol) purified agar to inhibit swarming (51). The chemotaxis ratio (R che ) was determined by dividing the number of C. septicum cells in mucin capillaries by the number of cells in the controls (1).…”

Section: ϫ7mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like many other bacterial pathogens (17), virulence in C. septicum is multifactorial, and the organism secretes several toxins and spreading factors that take part in destruction of the bowel wall (38,51). Four major toxins are recognized, including alpha-toxin and delta-toxin, which are hemolysins, betatoxin (DNase), and gamma-toxin (hyaluronidase) (38,46).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…An interesting characteristic of C. septicum is its ability to differentiate into giant hyperflagellated swarm cells, which can participate in rapid and concerted population migrations across surfaces (51). Swarm cell formation also occurs in other clostridia, such as C. tetani, C. sporogenes, and C. bifermentans, as well as in species belonging to the genera Vibrio, Proteus, Serratia, Bacillus, Chromobacterium, and Salmonella (3).…”

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Toxin Synthesis and Mucin Breakdown Are Related to Swarming Phenomenon in Clostridium septicum

2001

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Clostridium septicum is responsible for several diseases in humans and animals. The bacterium is capable of a simple kind of multicellular behavior known as swarming. In this investigation, environmental and physiologic factors affecting growth and swarm cell formation in C. septicum were studied over a range of dilution rates (D ‫؍‬ 0.02 to 0.65 h ؊1 ) in glucose-limited, glucose-excess, and mucin-limited chemostats. Cellular differentiation was observed at low specific growth rates, irrespective of the carbon and energy source, showing that swarming occurred in response to nutrient depletion. Differential expression of virulence determinants was detected in swarm cells. Hemolysin was secreted by short motile rods but not swarm cells, whereas in cultures grown with glucose, only swarm cells formed DNase, hyaluronidase, and neuraminidase. However, neuraminidase and, to a lesser degree, hyaluronidase were induced in short motile rods in mucin-limited cultures. Both swarm cells and short rods were cytotoxic to Vero cells. Mucin was chemotaxic to C. septicum, and large amounts of mucin-degrading enzymes (␤-galactosidase, N-acetyl ␤-glucosaminidase, glycosulfatase, and neuraminidase) were produced. Synthesis of these enzymes was catabolite regulated. In chemostat experiments, glycosulfatase secretion occurred only in swarm cells at low dilution rates in mucin-limited cultures. Determinations of oligosaccharide utilization demonstrated that N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine were the main carbon sources for C. septicum in mucin. Neuraminic acid was not assimilated, showing that neuraminidase does not have a direct nutritional function in this pathogen.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ϫ7mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Toxin Synthesis and Mucin Breakdown Are Related to Swarming Phenomenon in Clostridium septicum

2001

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“…Clostridium septicum is a gram-positive, motile, sporeforming anaerobe that has been implicated as a cause of malignant edema in animals [5,22]. The organism produces several extracellular factors that include deoxyribonuclease, hyaluronidase, neuraminidase and alpha-toxin [16].…”

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confidence: 99%

Relationship between Clostridium septicum Alpha-Toxin Activity and Binding to Erythrocyte Membranes

Hang’ombe

Kohda

Mukamoto

et al. 2005

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The activity of Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin was determined in erythrocytes of various animals, with sensitivities observed in the order of mouse, rat, canine, equine, rabbit, chicken, bovine, swine and ovine. Temperature and protease treatment affected the sensitivity of erythrocytes to alpha-toxin. Proteinase K treatment decreased the sensitivity of murine, canine, equine and bovine erythrocytes, but ovine erythrocytes did not change the sensitivity to alpha-toxin activity. On the other hand, the activity of alpha-toxin on swine erythrocytes increased after treatment with proteinase K, trypsin, chymotrypsin or lysyl endopeptidase. Toxin overlay assay showed that alpha-toxin bound to erythrocyte membrane proteins with a molecular mass of 30 to 45-kDa in mouse, equine, bovine, swine and chicken, whereas in rat erythrocyte membranes the toxin reacted with 100-kDa protein. The treatment of murine and swine erythrocyte membranes with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C resulted in liberation of the toxin-binding protein from the individual membranes in a native state. These results show that alpha-toxin associates with specific erythrocyte membrane proteins in any animal species, and are subsets of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in various animal species. These results may reflect distinct characteristics of the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin in response to various erythrocytes.

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Bacterial Behavior

Armitage¹

2006

The Prokaryotes

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Cytotoxicity, Adhesion and Invasion ofClostridium septicumin Cultured Human Epithelial Cells (CACO-2, HEp-2): Pathological Significance of Swarm Cell Differentiation

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Toxin Synthesis and Mucin Breakdown Are Related to Swarming Phenomenon in Clostridium septicum

Toxin Synthesis and Mucin Breakdown Are Related to Swarming Phenomenon in Clostridium septicum

Relationship between Clostridium septicum Alpha-Toxin Activity and Binding to Erythrocyte Membranes

Bacterial Behavior

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