De-conjugation behavior of conjugated estrogens in the raw sewage, activated sludge and river water

Kumar, Vimal; Johnson, Andrew C.; Nakada, Norihide; Yamashita, Naoyuki; Tanaka, Hiroaki

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.078

Cited by 81 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In general, glucuronated estrogens were detected at lower frequencies and concentrations in WWTP influents than the NEs and sulfated estrogens (Liu et al, 2010), partly because the glucuronide forms are more readily deconjugated into free forms in sewage transport pipes where abundant b-glucuronidase is produced by fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli) (D' Ascenzo et al, 2003). Kumar et al (2012) reported a half-life of 0.4 h for both E2-3G and E1-3G, 11.5 h for E2-3S, and 13.9 h for E1-3S in raw sewage in the sewer. Hence, complete absence of glucuronated estrogens in the influent can be expected in the case of a long sewage transport time.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Kumar et al (2012) found that C-NEs were not converted stoichiometrically to their corresponding NEs in raw sewage, so other metabolites may be formed. Additionally, batch studies on the removal of C-NEs usually focused on the concentration variations of the NEs and C-NEs (D'Ascenzo et al, 2003;Gomes et al, 2009;Kumar et al, 2012), while the contributions of enzymatic hydrolysis, biodegradation and sludge adsorption have not yet been separately identified. Thus, the removal pathways of C-NEs in wastewater treatment processes need to be further clarified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The C-NE removal pathways in biotreatment processes have been proposed as follows: the conjugates are first deconjugated into their corresponding NEs and then biodegraded (Gomes et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2015). However, Kumar et al (2012) found that C-NEs were not converted stoichiometrically to their corresponding NEs in raw sewage, so other metabolites may be formed. Additionally, batch studies on the removal of C-NEs usually focused on the concentration variations of the NEs and C-NEs (D'Ascenzo et al, 2003;Gomes et al, 2009;Kumar et al, 2012), while the contributions of enzymatic hydrolysis, biodegradation and sludge adsorption have not yet been separately identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transformation and fate of natural estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater treatment plants: Influence of operational parameters and removal pathways

et al. 2017

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a b s t r a c tNatural estrogens (NEs) discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have drawn great attention because of their potential risks to aquatic ecosystems. However, neglect of the conjugated natural estrogens (C-NEs) has caused large discrepancies among different studies on the removal of NEs in WWTPs. The present work investigated the transformation and fate of three NEs and six corresponding C-NEs along wastewater treatment processes. The removal efficiencies of the target estrogens (i.e., NEs and C-NEs) and their correlations with the operational parameters were determined over a twelve-month monitoring period at a typical WWTP adopting a combined bio-treatment process (i.e., anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process followed by a moving-bed biofilm reactor). The concentration variations of the target estrogens along the treatment processes were examined to differentiate the transformation and fate of NEs and C-NEs. Moreover, lab-scale experiments were conducted to clarify the removal pathways of C-NEs in the bio-treatment process. Results indicate that both NEs and C-NEs could pass through the treatment processes, thus being frequently detected in the effluent and excess sludge. The aqueous removal efficiencies of NEs and C-NEs were significantly correlated with the sludge retention time and temperature, respectively. C-NEs were more persistent than NEs, so considerably high conjugated ratios (13.5e100.0%) were detected in the effluent. Sulfate conjugates presented a lower adsorption affinity to sludge and a slower hydrolysis rate than glucuronide conjugates, which makes the former more recalcitrant to biodegradation. This study highlights the challenge on the elimination of NEs, particularly their conjugates, by wastewater treatment processes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transformation and fate of natural estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater treatment plants: Influence of operational parameters and removal pathways

et al. 2017

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“…However, the conjugated estrogens are vulnerable in aerobic activated sludge and end up as free estrogens after de-conjugation [62]. The de-conjugation behavior is also observed for pharmaceuticals, resulting in negative removal efficiencies [63,64].…”

Section: Transformation Products (Metabolites) Formed By Human Metabomentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric workflows for identification of transformation products of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment

Bletsou

Jeon

Hollender

et al. 2015

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

300

184

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A B S T R A C TIdentification of transformation products (TPs) of emerging pollutants is challenging, due to the vast number of compounds, mostly unknown, the complexity of the matrices and their often low concentrations, requiring highly selective, highly sensitive techniques. We compile background information on biotic and abiotic formation of TPs and analytical developments over the past five years. We present a database of biotic or abiotic TPs compiled from those identified in recent years. We discuss mass spectrometric (MS) techniques and workflows for target, suspect and non-target screening of TPs with emphasis on liquid chromatography coupled to MS (LC-MS). Both low-and high-resolution (HR) mass analyzers have been applied, but HR-MS is the technique of choice, due to its high confirmatory capabilities, derived from the high resolving power and the mass accuracy in MS and MS/MS modes, and the sophisticated software developed.

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“…Usually the estrogens are excreted from humans and animals mainly as conjugates of glucuronide or sulphate and a lesser amount as parent compounds in urine and faeces. The conjugates undergo deconjugation to form free estrogens by enzymatic action of bacteria or fungi (Kumar et al, 2012). The occurrence of these hormones in the environment is receiving considerable attention due to the fact that most of these compounds are endocrine disrupting chemicals (Christiansen et al, 2002;Cui et al, 2006;Zheng et al, 2013;Huang et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized HPLC -UV Method for Separation, Detection and Quantification of Endocrine Disrupting Estrogens in Low Quality Water

Msigala¹,

Mabiki²,

Styrishave³

et al. 2017

IJC

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Endocrine disrupting estrogens are emerging contaminants in aquatic ecosystems and environment in general. There are no guidelines for routine monitoring of these chemicals, despite the existing evidences of their adverse health effect to living organisms at low concentrations. This study aimed at developing and validating an optimized HPLC-UV method for detection and quantification of estradiol and ethinylestradiol. Isocratic elution was used for separation and detection of ethinylestradiol and estradiol. The mobile phase was applied with A; water B; acetonitrile (50:50) at flow rate of 0.7mL/min and injection volume 10mL. The precision and accuracy of the method were within the acceptable range. Relative standard deviation of peak area for E2 ranged from 1.373 to 3.668%, and for EE2 ranged from 0.829 to 6.495 %. The percentage recovery for E2 ranged from 82.3 to 99.84 %, and for EE2 ranged from 84.6 to 103.52 %. Linearity of the method was realized at range of 2.5 to 50 ng/mL and 100 to 1000 ng/mL for both E2 and EE2. The linear regression coefficients were 0.9979 and 0.9973 for E2 whereas for EE2 were 0.9983 and 0.9976. Limit of detection were found to be 0.05 ng/mL and 0.08 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. The obtained limits of quantification were 0.18 and 0.28 ng/mL for E2 and EE2 respectively. In untreated sewage the concentrations of E2 and EE2 were 0.28 ng/ml and 0.18 ng/ml respectively. But in subsequent wastewater stabilization ponds the concentrations were below detection limit. Therefore, the optimized HPLC-UV method is suitable for detection and quantification of endocrine disrupting estrogens when a level of pollution is at least 0.15 ng/ml. At low extent of pollution would require use of the method in conjunction with ELISA technique.

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De-conjugation behavior of conjugated estrogens in the raw sewage, activated sludge and river water

Cited by 81 publications

References 21 publications

Transformation and fate of natural estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater treatment plants: Influence of operational parameters and removal pathways

Transformation and fate of natural estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater treatment plants: Influence of operational parameters and removal pathways

Targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric workflows for identification of transformation products of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment

Optimized HPLC -UV Method for Separation, Detection and Quantification of Endocrine Disrupting Estrogens in Low Quality Water

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