Degradation of collagen‐guided tissue regeneration membranes by proteolytic enzymes of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its inhibition by antibacterial agents

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that whole cells of several periodontal pathogenic bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis may degrade the clinically used regeneration membranes Biomend Extend and Bio-Gide. Fractionation of P. gingivalis cells revealed that cell membrane-associated proteases are responsible for the in vitro degradation of the collagen membranes. In the present study, the specific role of extracellular vesicles and the purified Arg-gingipain enzyme of P. gingivalis in the degradation of three differently cross-linked collagen membranes (Ossix; Bio-Gide and Biomend Extend) was examined. In addition, the inhibitory effect of antibacterial agents and antibiotics used in local periodontal therapy on the enzymatic degradation was evaluated. The data presented show that while all tested collagen membranes, are prone to lysis by oral bacterial proteases, cross-linked membranes are more resistant to proteolysis. Furthermore, therapeutical concentrations of the antibacterial and antibiotic agents chlorhexidine, cetylpyridiniumchloride, minocycline and doxycycline were found to partially inhibit the enzymatic breakdown of the membranes, while metronidazole had no such effect. These results suggest that the presence of P. gingivalis cells, extracellular vesicles and enzymes in the vicinity of regeneration membranes in the periodontium, may change their physical structure and therefore alter their biological properties. Furthermore, the use of cross-linked collagen membranes and antibacterial agents may significantly inhibit this proteolytic process.

Limitations in Bonding to Dentin and Experimental Strategies to Prevent Bond Degradation

“…Little is known about whether these drugs that are targeted at inhibiting specific cathepsins are useful for direct application to acid-etched dentin or incorporation into self-etch adhesives for preventing the degradation of type I dentin collagen scaffolds. Conversely, CHX has been reported to be effective against cysteine proteinases produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Houle et al ., 2003; Sela et al ., 2009) and human recombinant cysteine cathepsins (Scaffa et al ., 2010). Thus, it is worth examining if CHX will serve as a non-specific inhibitor for both MMPs and cysteine cathepsins associated with intact and carious dentin.…”

Clarithromycin Accumulation by Phagocytes and Its Effect on Killing of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

“…However, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans ) and Porphyromonas gingivalis are exceptionally difficult to eliminate by mechanical therapy alone 1 . A. actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram‐negative microaerophilic coccobacillus that is strongly associated with early onset periodontitis and recurrent chronic periodontitis, whereas P. gingivalis is a Gram‐negative anaerobic rod that is associated with severe chronic periodontitis, failing guided tissue regeneration, and acute periodontal abscesses 2,3 . Both possess virulence factors that frustrate the host response and thwart conventional efforts toward their elimination.…”

The Effect of Bisphasic Calcium Phosphate Block Bone Graft Materials with Polysaccharides on Bone Regeneration

“…Many methods can be used to improve the properties of polymers [38,39,40], but crosslinking is the most popular method of improving material properties. For example, as compared with native collagen, crosslinked collagen is resorbed more slowly in vivo and acts a barrier membrane to maintain long-term functional stability [40,41].…”

“…For example, as compared with native collagen, crosslinked collagen is resorbed more slowly in vivo and acts a barrier membrane to maintain long-term functional stability [40,41]. Crosslinking also makes it possible incorporate polysaccharides to improve properties [42].…”