Design of Resonant Leaky-Wave Coupled Phase-Locked Arrays of Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Lasers

Sigler, C.; Chang, Chin‐Chen; Kirch, Jeremy; Mawst, Luke J.; Botez, D.; Earles, T.

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2015.2438823

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The case of pure gain guiding ( n = 0) was considered first by Schlosser [24] who calculated solutions of Eqs. (5) and (6) and showed that the waveguide is single mode for |V | 1.877. For the general case of complex permittivities, it is worth noting that, in contrast to the case of purely real symmetric slab guides, the fundamental mode can have a nonzero cutoff.…”

Section: Coupled Slab Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It is well known that coupled-mode theory does not apply to strongly coupled laser arrays or to structures with leaky-wave array modes that are important for high-power source design. Hence more rigorous modal analysis is used for two-dimensional arrays of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) such as those for operation at telecom wavelengths [5], or for more advanced EEL configurations such as quantum cascade laser arrays for the mid-infrared spectral region [6]. Again, in all cases the emphasis has been on developing designs and implementing appropriate technology to obtain stable high-power operation in a narrow beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of detuning, gain-guiding, and index antiguiding on the dynamics of two laterally coupled semiconductor lasers

Adams

Cemlyn

et al. 2017

Phys. Rev. A

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Four examples of laterally coupled semiconductor lasers with different waveguiding structures have been studied using coupled mode theory and allowing for frequency detuning between the lasers. The structures include purely real index guiding, pure gain-guiding, and combinations of index guiding and antiguiding with gain-guiding. The dynamics of these four systems have been explored using AUTO software (standard numerical continuation package), linear stability analysis, and direct integration of the rate equations. Convincing agreement between results obtained by these three methods has been demonstrated, including effects due to variation of laser pumping rate, detuning, and linewidth enhancement factor. A periodicity of behavior with laser separation has been revealed that was previously overlooked. This periodicity has increasing influence on the bifurcations of the system as the structures develop from those with purely real guidance to a combination of index antiguiding and gain-guiding. The laser design and operating parameters used are realistic for a wide range of edge-emitting and surface-emitting lasers of practical importance, so that the dynamics studied here are relevant to real systems of coupled lasers.

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Section: Coupled Slab Waveguidesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of detuning, gain-guiding, and index antiguiding on the dynamics of two laterally coupled semiconductor lasers

Adams

Cemlyn

et al. 2017

Phys. Rev. A

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“…The threshold current density is ~ 3 kA/cm 2 , pulsed slope efficiency of 1.6 W/A, and a pulsed wallplug efficiency of up to 3.5 %. Design studies of the three-element array structures were carried out using COMSOL to find the expected threshold currents and fabrication tolerances for a given design [121]. The simulations accurately predict that the observed array geometry should maintain sole in-phase-mode operation to high drive levels, in good agreement with the experimental results.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Strongly-index guided monolithic approaches to scale the device area, and thereby the maximum output power, while maintaining singlemode operation, include the use of closely-spaced phase-locked antiguided arrays of QCLs [120][121][122], tree arrays of QCLs employing either Y-junctions [123,124] or multi-mode interference (MMI) coupling sections [125,126], and BH HC-PC structures [127] The beam properties for strongly-index-guided devices with global interelement coupling are also summarized in Table 1. Below we discuss the only two approaches which have produced devices capable of pure D.L.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Power Mid-Infrared (λ∼3-6 μm) Quantum Cascade Lasers

Mawst

Botez

2022

IEEE Photonics J.

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The performances of mid-infrared (IR) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are now reaching a maturity level that enables a variety of applications which require compact laser sources capable of watt-range output powers with high beam quality. We review the fundamental design issues and current performance limitations, focusing on InGaAs/AlInAs/InP QCLs with emission in the 3-6 m wavelength range. Metamorphic materials broaden the available compositions for accessing short emission wavelengths (≤3.5 m) or for integration with GaAs-and Si-photonics platforms. Conductionband engineering through the use of varying compositions throughout the active-region structure has been utilized to achieve the highest performance levels to date. Interface roughness scattering plays a dominant role in determining both the lower-laser-level lifetime as well as the carrier-leakage current. Numerous approaches have been implemented in attempts to control, scale, and stabilize the spatial mode to high output powers. Of all approaches photonic-crystal structures with high built-in index contrast, thus capable of maintaining modal properties under strong self-heating, are the most promising device configuration for achieving single-spatial-mode, single-lobe reliable CW operation to multiwattrange power levels. Such devices have demonstrated to date > 5W front-facet output powers with diffraction-limited beams in shortpulse operation.

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“…In the center of the core region an InP-spacer layer is placed, which acts both as a lateral heat remover 18 as well as the base layer for the regrowth of the interelement regions. The structure design optimization approach for achieving single lateral-mode operation has been addressed previously; 22 although, that previous analysis assumed single-wavelength emission. The regrown interelement regions have In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As layers and lowered Ti/Pt/Au regions that create a higher effective refractive index than in the element regions, as well as strong interelement losses due to plasmon coupling to the metal (as schematically shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spectrally resolved modal characteristics of leaky-wave-coupled quantum cascade phase-locked laser arrays

et al. 2017

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Abstract. The modal characteristics of nonresonant five-element phase-locked arrays of 4.7-μm emitting quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have been studied using spectrally resolved near-and far-field measurements and correlated with results of device simulation. Devices are fabricated by a two-step metal-organic chemical vapor deposition process and operate predominantly in an in-phase array mode near threshold, although become multimode at higher drive levels. The wide spectral bandwidth of the QCL's core region is found to be a factor in promoting multispatial-mode operation at high drive levels above threshold. An optimized resonant-array design is identified to allow sole in-phase array-mode operation to high drive levels above threshold, and indicates that for phase-locked laser arrays full spatial coherence to high output powers does not require full temporal coherence.

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Design of Resonant Leaky-Wave Coupled Phase-Locked Arrays of Mid-IR Quantum Cascade Lasers

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

Effects of detuning, gain-guiding, and index antiguiding on the dynamics of two laterally coupled semiconductor lasers

Effects of detuning, gain-guiding, and index antiguiding on the dynamics of two laterally coupled semiconductor lasers

High-Power Mid-Infrared (λ∼3-6 μm) Quantum Cascade Lasers

Spectrally resolved modal characteristics of leaky-wave-coupled quantum cascade phase-locked laser arrays

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