Determination of paraquat in biological and environmental samples by a photokinetic method

Paraquat quantification in deposits from drinking water networks

“…4,6 As evidenced in Table 1, the most reported methodologies for the extraction of PQ from soils involve reux or sample digestion procedures (in sulphuric or hydrochloric acids, or even under milder solvents such as an acidied mixture of MeOH-EDTA). [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Such drastic extraction 1). A substantial reduction of the sample preparation time by extraction and elimination of clean-up steps can be achieved by direct surface analysis.…”

“…Indeed, the analysis of paraquat in soils is a challenging task as a result of the strong affinity of this herbicide to such a matrix 4,6 . As evidenced in Table 1, the most reported methodologies for the extraction of PQ from soils involve reflux or sample digestion procedures (in sulphuric or hydrochloric acids, or even under milder solvents such as an acidified mixture of 40 MeOH/EDTA) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . Such drastic extraction conditions with strong acids induces releasing of chemicals by matrix structure destruction 7 .…”

“…This extraction step is required due to the strong interaction between paraquat and soils, as referred before. Although digestion and refluxing extraction techniques do not demand sophisticated equipment, they demand time, large solvent quantities (25-100 mL) and high sample amounts (5-100 g) [7][8][9][10][11]13 . Pateiro-Moure et al tested the ability of a mechanical shaking methodology to extract paraquat from a contaminated soil and no recovery was attained under the conditions employed 11 .…”