“…These problems are caused by the design and conventional working fluids, such as oil or water-based, with low thermal absorption and heat transfer capacity. Much research has been conducted to enhance the efficiency of solar thermal systems [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. To alleviate the above disadvantages, direct absorption solar collectors, which have less heat transfer steps than the common ones, as shown in Figure 1 , have been studied and developed [ 43 ].…”