Diabetes Mellitus and Its Metabolic Complications: The Role of Adipose Tissues

Abstract

Many approaches have been used in the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A recent paradigm shift has focused on the role of adipose tissues in the development and treatment of the disease. Brown adipose tissues (BAT) and white adipose tissues (WAT) are the two main types of adipose tissues with beige subsets more recently identified. They play key roles in communication and insulin sensitivity. However, WAT has been shown to contribute significantly to endocrine function. WAT produces hormones and cytokines, collectively called adipocytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin. These adipocytokines have been proven to vary in conditions, such as metabolic dysfunction, type 2 diabetes, or inflammation. The regulation of fat storage, energy metabolism, satiety, and insulin release are all features of adipose tissues. As such, they are indicators that may provide insights on the development of metabolic dysfunction or type 2 diabetes and can be considered routes for therapeutic considerations. The essential roles of adipocytokines vis-a-vis satiety, appetite, regulation of fat storage and energy, glucose tolerance, and insulin release, solidifies adipose tissue role in the development and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and the complications associated with the disease.

Using adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells to fight the metabolic complications of obesity: Where do we stand?

“…In turn, white adipocytes not only control energy balance by storing and mobilizing triacylglycerols but also secrete a variable amount of hormones and paracrine factors. Although white adipocytes are distributed throughout the body, their principal depots are the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) 31 . SAT is found beneath the skin, some deposits are gluteal, femoral, and abdominal, while visceral fat surrounds internal organs and is concentrated in the abdominal cavity, further subdivided into mesenteric, omental, perirenal, and pertoneal depots.…”

“…Although white adipocytes are distributed throughout the body, their principal depots are the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). 31 SAT is found beneath the skin, some deposits are gluteal, femoral, and abdominal, while visceral fat surrounds internal organs and is concentrated in the abdominal cavity, further subdivided into mesenteric, omental, perirenal, and pertoneal depots. Importantly, WAT depots are functionally distinct, SAT stores excess lipid, and thus preventing ectopic lipid deposition, while VAT protects the visceral organs.…”

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“…Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by increased blood sugar levels or hyperglycemia. The global prevalence of diabetes among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014, 90% of whom have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and it is expected to increase to 578 million by 2030 [1][2][3] . In T2DM, patients experience insulin resistance, which causes an increase in tissue inflammation and an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species.…”

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