Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms

Abstract

This is an accessible guide to the vocabulary used in trade negotiations. It explains about 2,500 terms and concepts in simple language. Its main emphasis is on the multilateral trading system represented by the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition it covers many of the trade-related activities, outcomes and terms used in other international organizations, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OECD. The last five years have seen a rapid spread in the formation of free-trade areas in all parts of the world. This dictionary allocates generous space to the vocabulary associated with such agreements. It offers clear explanations, for example, of the concepts used in the administration of preferential rules of origin. Additional areas covered include emerging trade issues and issues based particularly on developing-country concerns.

Liberdade de Concorrência na União Europeia: Convergência da Doutrina e da Jurisprudência no Reconhecimento da Disciplina Concorrencial como base para o Mercado Interno

“…Ocorre, entretanto, que esta é uma "via de mão dupla "14 , porquanto a instauração de um livre mercado entre os Estados-membros é pressuposto fundamental na obtenção de vantagens concorrenciais, porém, a concorrência apenas se instala onde existir o livre mercado 15 . Somente mediante a perda das proteções estatais é criada a concorrência entre as empresas, expondo os integrantes de um mercado a ela 16 , o que resulta na adoção de práticas pelas empresas que são próprias para a manutenção dos mercados, como cartéis, ou as práticas dos Estados para a proteção das empresas, como os auxílios públicos.…”

Identifying non-tariff barriers: evolution of multilateral instruments and evidence from the disputes (1948−2011)

“…The term ‘ measure ’ is used on more than 90 occasions throughout it to denote government actions or omissions in general, irrespective of whether they are permitted, used with protectionist intent, or have the effect of limiting imports. The term ‘non-tariff measures’ is preferred by some in the literature to refer to all government actions, because it conveys more clearly the fact that many of them do not discriminate or put the imported good at a disadvantage (see, for example, Goode, 2007). Certain NTMs, such as standards, may even have a positive effect on trade if harmonized across countries.…”

Redefining Russia: Hybrid Regimes, Fieldwork, and Russian Politics

“…Gubernatorial elections were eliminated and replaced with a system of presidential appointments. 57 For the 2007 parliamentary elections, Putin formally assumed leadership of United Russia (though he did not join) and the party's faction in the State Duma grew to 70 percent. Putin designated his own successor, Dmitrii Medvedev, for the 2008 presidential election while moving sideways into the position of Prime Minister.…”