Dietary patterns of obese and normal-weight women of reproductive age in urban slum areas in Central Jakarta

Abstract

Developing countries including Indonesia imperatively require an understanding of factors leading to the emerging problem of obesity, especially within low socio-economic groups, whose dietary pattern may contribute to obesity. In this cross-sectional study, we compared the dietary patterns and food consumption of 103 obese and 104 normal-weight women of reproductive age (19-49 years) in urban slum areas in Central Jakarta. A single 24-h food recall was used to assess energy and macronutrient intakes (carbohydrate, protein and fat) and calculate energy density. A principal component analysis was used to define the dietary patterns from the FFQ. Obese women had significantly higher intakes of energy (8436·6 (SD 2358·1) v. 7504·4 (SD 1887·8) kJ (2016·4 (SD 563·6) v. 1793·6 (SD 451·2) kcal)), carbohydrate (263·9 (SD 77·0) v. 237·6 (SD 63·0) g) and fat (83·11 (SD 31·3) v. 70·2 (SD 26·1) g) compared with normal-weight women; however, their protein intake (59·4 (SD 19·1) v. 55·9 (SD 18·5) g) and energy density (8·911 (SD 2·30) v. 8·58 (SD 1·88) kJ/g (2·13 (SD 0·55) v. 2·05 (SD 0·45) kcal/g)) did not differ significantly. Two dietary patterns were revealed and subjectively named 'more healthy' and 'less healthy'. The 'less healthy' pattern was characterised by the consumption of fried foods (snacks, soyabean and roots and tubers) and meat and poultry products, whereas the more healthy pattern was characterised by the consumption of seafood, vegetables, eggs, milk and milk products and non-fried snacks. Subjects with a high score for the more healthy pattern had a lower obesity risk compared with those with a low score. Thus, obesity is associated with high energy intake and unhealthy dietary patterns characterised by consumption of oils and fats through fried foods and snacks.

Padrões alimentares e sua associação com fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentais: Pesquisa Saúde da Mulher 2015, São Leopoldo (RS)

“…The names found for the healthy DP were more healthy DP 7 , vegetable DP 8,14 , fruit, vegetables, and soybean DP 11 , 2nd LEVEL Schooling (years) a p = 0.003* p = 0.000* p = 0.000* p = 0.012* p = 0.000* p = 0.000* 0-3 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 and healthy DP 10,30 . Risk DP resembled the western DP 10 , less healthy DP 7 , and unhealthy DP 30 . With respect to the Brazilian DP, patterns characterized by the presence of rice and beans, but with a slightly different composition, were denominated Brazilian DP 26 or low cost higher-risk DP 13 .…”

“…Eating habits are among the leading causes of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mortality 1,2 , and the dietary pattern (DP) approach has been widely used to assess this relationship, given that it may be more predictive of disease risk than evaluating the intake of individual foods or nutrients 3,4 . More specifically, studies that investigated DPs in women revealed the association of some of these patterns with obesity [5][6][7] , cardiovascular risk 8 , hypertension 9 , risk of fracture 10 , cancer 11 , and mortality 12 .…”

Roles of Sedentary Behaviors and Unhealthy Foods in Increasing the Obesity Risk in Adult Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional National Study

“…Moreover, fatty and fried foods indicated a positive multiplicative effect in obesity risk in women in Table 3 . Obese Indonesian women of reproductive age also had unhealthy dietary patterns characterized by consumption of oils and fats through fried foods and snacks [ 28 , 29 ]. This dietary pattern may contribute to a higher risk of obesity among women.…”

“…Those who had a higher intake of refined carbohydrates also had a higher prevalence ratio of obesity; however, the interaction between gender and refined carbohydrates intake showed a negative multiplicative interaction. Some other related studies showed that sweet foods and beverages were significant risk factors for obesity [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. It was also found in one study that one additional spoonful of sugar consumed every day increased the risk of being overweight and obese by about 14% [ 33 ].…”

Hubungan Konsumsi Camilan dan Durasi Waktu Tidur dengan Obesitas di Permukiman Padat Kelurahan Simolawang, Surabaya

“…Pola makan yang tidak teratur memiliki dampak merugikan pada thermogenesis, kadar lemak, dan profil insulin 9 . Pola makan yang tidak sehat dengan kebiasaan konsumsi makanan berlemak seperti pada gorengan dan camilan lebih banyak ditemui pada populasi wanita di permukiman padat penduduk 10 . camilan yang dikonsumsi memang cenderung lebih sedikit bila dibandingkan dengan jumlah pada menu utama, namun frekuensi camilan yang sering dapat menjadikan jumlah kalori yang dikonsumsi setara dengan saat konsumsi menu utama 20 .…”