The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Cover design: Frido Steinen-Broo, EStudio Calamar, SpainPrinted on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) i Preface Time is a natural attribute of everything. With the explosive growth of computer and network systems, temporal information has received extensive attention in both academia and industry. It plays an increasingly important role in the new generation information systems and also a key role in some applications. The use of temporal information modeling and processing technology in these applications can make them more useful and more convenient.Temporal database and application problems have been mentioned during the 1970s. The groundbreaking study in this area was conducted by J. Ben Zvi, who proposed the bitemporal concept and a temporal database model in his dissertation, submitted to the University of California, Los Angeles, in 1982. In subsequent years, the temporal database theory research has grown vigorously and hundreds of temporal models have been proposed. James Clifford, Christian S. Jensen, Richard T. Snodgrass and Andreas Steiner made important contributions to temporal database models, theory and technology. In the recent years, along with information technology that can meet the increasing requirement for new applications, the temporal database theory and application technologies have made remarkable progress. However, there are many problems in temporal information processing, e.g., weakness in temporal calculus theory, low efficiency of temporal storage and access, complex temporal information processing and lack of the software development tools. There are three main trends in temporal technologies: model standardization, middleware development and application diversification.We began to pay special attention to research on temporal database when we undertook the software application project: Intelligent Decision Support System of Salary (SIDSS), in 1998. The main concept behind SIDSS is that an employee's wage is paid according to information related to the employee and to the policies of the salary management department. SIDSS is a typical temporal system, in which the employee information that influences his or her salary is the typical temporal data and the salary policies that can be changed by the management department which also are time-varying knowledge. In the SIDSS, we used a ii temporal database model to design the employee database. We proposed a rule-based temporal knowledge model to represent the time-varying salary policies, and implemented a reasoning mechanism to realize the employee's salary determination and change based on the employee's temporal information and the salary policies based on temporal rule knowledge. The SIDSS has been used by more tha...