Dispersion measurements of microstructured fibers using femtosecond laser pulses

Ouzounov, Dimitre G.; Homoelle, D.; Zipfel, Warren R.; Webb, Watt W.; Gaeta, Alexander L.; West, Jason; Fajardo, J.C.; Köch, Karl

doi:10.1016/s0030-4018(01)01185-3

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…As the air-hole diameter is increased, the influence of waveguide dispersion becomes stronger. We can see that it is possible to shift the zero dispersion wavelength to visible to near-infrared (IR) regions by appropriately changing the geometrical parameters such as hole pitch and hole diameter [73], [74] and that a PCF with a very small hole pitch and a large air-hole diameter has large normal dispersion in the 1.55-µm wavelength range [48]. In addition, Fig.…”

Section: Chromatic Dispersion Tailoringmentioning

confidence: 91%

Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers

Saitoh

Koshiba

2005

J. Lightwave Technol.

221

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Abstract-Recent progress on numerical modeling methods for photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) such as the effective index approach, basis-function expansion approach, and numerical approach is described. An index-guiding PCF with an array of air holes surrounding the silica core region has special characteristics compared with conventional single-mode fibers (SMFs). Using a full modal vector model, the fundamental characteristics of PCFs such as cutoff wavelength, confinement loss, modal birefringence, and chromatic dispersion are numerically investigated.Index Terms-Finite-element method, holey fiber, microstructured optical fiber, numerical modeling, photonic band-gap fiber, photonic crystal fiber.

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Section: Chromatic Dispersion Tailoringmentioning

confidence: 91%

Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers

Saitoh

Koshiba

2005

J. Lightwave Technol.

221

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“…Fortunately, the measurement of the chromatic dispersion of a fiber sample is still possible in the vicinity of the stationary-phase point if one shifts it in successive steps to different wavelengths [8]. The feasibility of the interferometric techniques has been demonstrated in measuring the dispersion in microstructured and holey fibers [9,10,11]. To the best of our knowledge, non of these methods directly measure the dispersion of group effective index.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the group dispersion of the fundamental mode of holey fiber by white-light spectral interferometry

Hlubina¹,

Szpulak²,

Ciprián³

et al. 2007

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We present a new method for measuring the group dispersion of the fundamental mode of a holey fiber over a wide wavelength range by white-light interferometry employing a low-resolution spectrometer. The method utilizes an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a fiber under test placed in one arm and the other arm with adjustable path length. A series of spectral signals are recorded to measure the equalization wavelength as a function of the path length, or equivalently the group dispersion. We reveal that some of the spectral signals are due to the fundamental mode supported by the fiber and some are due to light guided by the outer cladding of the fiber. Knowing the group dispersion of the cladding made of pure silica, we measure the wavelength dependence of the group effective index of the fundamental mode of the holey fiber. Furthermore, using a full-vector finite element method, we model the group dispersion and demonstrate good agreement between experiment and theory.

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“…Most of the reported research on photonic-crystal fibers uses a nominal refractive index of silica, such as the "vector methods" in [3,7]. However, we note that in [7] material dispersion was included by using an iterative algorithm and the standard Sellmeier equation for calculating dispersion characteristics of a photoniccrystal fiber.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, we note that in [7] material dispersion was included by using an iterative algorithm and the standard Sellmeier equation for calculating dispersion characteristics of a photoniccrystal fiber.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of separating group‐velocity dispersion of photonic‐crystal fibers into material and waveguide components

Haldar¹,

Coetzee²,

Aw³

2004

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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where a is the core radius, n 1 and n 2 are the refractive indices (n 2 Ͻ n 1 ) of the core and cladding, respectively, and is the free-space wavelength of light. As V increases with decreasing wavelength, a step-index fiber propagating a single mode at a certain wavelength may not do so at a lower wavelength, as the condition for single-mode propagation may be violated. If the difference between n 1 and n 2 decreases with decreasing wavelength, the increase of V may be counteracted to satisfy the single-mode condition at all wavelengths. This is the principle behind the "endlessly single-mode" photonic-crystal fiber [1].Research on propagation characteristics, such as the singlemode condition and group-velocity dispersion (GVD) in stepindex fibers, has been carried out at a nominal value of the refractive index of silica. This is perfectly justified for such fibers, as the core and cladding refractive indices differ by a constant but have identical dispersion characteristics. Similarly, research on photonic-crystal fibers has also been conducted for a nominal value of the refractive index of silica [1][2][3]. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether this approximation is valid. For single-mode step-index fibers, GVD can be expressed as the sum of contributions arising from material and waveguide dispersion. The validity of this approach for the analysis of photonic-crystal fibers is also examined. For simplicity, the basic effective-index approximation is used, even though this technique is known to produce results of limited accuracy. However, the use of this analysis technique does provide useful means of gaining insight. The concept of "endlessly single-mode" photonic-crystal fiber in fact arose from consideration of the effective refractive index [1]. SINGLE-MODE CONDITION FOR A PHOTONIC-CRYSTAL FIBERA photonic-crystal fiber is made of undoped fused silica with a cladding implemented by means of a hexagonal array of air holes running along the length of the fiber, with a missing central hole serving as the core. The fiber can be considered to have a silica core with a cladding of effective refractive index n 2eff . To obtain the effective index, the wave equation is solved for the propagation constant of a wave propagating in an infinitely extended silica medium with a periodic hexagonal array of air holes [1][2][3][4]. The propagation constant divided by the free-space propagation constant (k ϭ 2/) gives the effective index.Step-index fiber theory can then be used, taking the refractive index of the core as the refractive index of pure silica and refractive index of the cladding as n 2eff .Although accurate methods of calculating effective index have been reported [3,4], we use the simple procedure in [1], where the scalar-wave equation for the weakly guiding approximation is used together with the circular approximation of the boundary of hexagonal cells forming the periodic structure of holes. As in [1], the pitch (distance between centers of nearest holes) is taken as ⌳ ϭ 2.3 m and the ratio of ho...

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Dispersion measurements of microstructured fibers using femtosecond laser pulses

Cited by 38 publications

References 32 publications

Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers

Numerical modeling of photonic crystal fibers

Measurement of the group dispersion of the fundamental mode of holey fiber by white-light spectral interferometry

Validity of separating group‐velocity dispersion of photonic‐crystal fibers into material and waveguide components

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