Diversity and transboundary mobility of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in East Africa: Implications for vaccination policies

Balinda, Sheila N.; Sangula, Abraham; Heller, Rasmus; Muwanika, Vincent B.; Belsham, Graham J.; Masembe, Charles; Siegismund, Hans R.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.017

Cited by 48 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…No other viruses isolated after that period have been observed to belong to these genotypes suggesting that they may be extinct in the country. This observation, however, does not rule out their existence elsewhere in the region (as is also apparent from the lack of reports on G-I referred to above) and due to the extensive transboundary movement of animals and transmission of viruses as recently reported for serotype O FMDV by Balinda et al, (2010a) and Wekesa et al, (2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Genetic diversity of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Kenya from 1964 to 2013; implications for control strategies in eastern Africa

Wekesa

Sangula²,

Belsham

et al. 2014

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Serotype A is the most genetically and antigenically diverse of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes. Records of its occurrence in Kenya date back to 1952 and the antigenic diversity of the outbreak viruses in this region is reflected by the current use of two different vaccine strains (K5/1980 and K35/1980) and previous use of two other strains (K18/66 and K179/71). This study aimed at enhancing the understanding of the patterns of genetic variation of serotype A FMDV in Kenya. The complete VP1 coding region sequences of 38 field isolates, identified as serotype A FMDV, collected between 1964 and 2013 were determined. Coalescent-based methods were used to infer times of divergence of the virus strains and the evolutionary rates alongside 27 other serotype A FMDV sequences from Genbank and the World Reference Laboratory (WRL). This study represents the first comprehensive genetic analysis of serotype A FMDVs from Kenya. The study detected four previously defined genotypes/clusters (termed G-I, G-III, G-VII and G-VIII), within the Africa topotype, together with a fifth lineage that has apparently emerged from within G-I; these different lineages have each had a countrywide distribution. Genotypes G-III and G-VIII that were first isolated in 1964 are now apparently extinct; G-VII was last recorded in 2005, while G-I (including the new lineage) is currently in widespread circulation. High genetic diversity, widespread distribution and transboundary spread of serotype A FMDVs across the region of eastern Africa was apparent. Continuous surveillance for the virus, coupled to genetic and antigenic characterization is recommended for improved regional control strategies.Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA); Livestock-Wildlife Diseases in East Africa Project (LWDEA); Trans-boundary Animal Diseases in East Africa (TADEA) project: (DFC no. 10-006KU)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Genetic diversity of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Kenya from 1964 to 2013; implications for control strategies in eastern Africa

Wekesa

Sangula²,

Belsham

et al. 2014

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…Previously estimates reported an average evolutionary rate across all FMDV serotype of 2.48 × 10 −3 nt/site/yr [40], while rates of 3.14 × 10 −3 , 1.3 × 10 −3 and 4.8 × 10 −3 nt/site/yr were reported for serotype O [40-42]. In addition, lineage-based FMDV molecular clock rates of 2.8 × 10 −3 , 6.65 × 10 −3 , 7.81 × 10 −3 and 2.7 × 10 −3 nt/site/yr were previously estimated for the O-PanAsia lineage in India, O-PanAsia-2 sublineage in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and type O in East Africa, respectively [43-45]. The higher rate of FMDV evolution reported for the A-Iran 05 FMDV lineage in Afghanistan and Pakistan (1.2 × 10 −2 nt/site/yr) [46] was similar to the molecular clock for the O CATHAY topotype estimated by this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylodynamic reconstruction of O CATHAY topotype foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemics in the Philippines

Nardo

Knowles

Wadsworth

et al. 2014

Vet Res

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Reconstructing the evolutionary history, demographic signal and dispersal processes from viral genome sequences contributes to our understanding of the epidemiological dynamics underlying epizootic events. In this study, a Bayesian phylogenetic framework was used to explore the phylodynamics and spatio-temporal dispersion of the O CATHAY topotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that caused epidemics in the Philippines between 1994 and 2005. Sequences of the FMDV genome encoding the VP1 showed that the O CATHAY FMD epizootic in the Philippines resulted from a single introduction and was characterised by three main transmission hubs in Rizal, Bulacan and Manila Provinces. From a wider regional perspective, phylogenetic reconstruction of all available O CATHAY VP1 nucleotide sequences identified three distinct sub-lineages associated with country-based clusters originating in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), the Philippines and Taiwan. The root of this phylogenetic tree was located in Hong Kong SAR, representing the most likely source for the introduction of this lineage into the Philippines and Taiwan. The reconstructed O CATHAY phylodynamics revealed three chronologically distinct evolutionary phases, culminating in a reduction in viral diversity over the final 10 years. The analysis suggests that viruses from the O CATHAY topotype have been continually maintained within swine industries close to Hong Kong SAR, following the extinction of virus lineages from the Philippines and the reduced number of FMD cases in Taiwan.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-014-0090-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…In addition, although, wildlife have been shown to play a role as a maintenance host for FMDV [7], fences and vaccination zones around the national parks are absent. Thus, uncontrolled animal movements are still a major risk for spreading FMD [18] and transboundary mobility of FMDV has been proven between East African countries [9,19]. Hence, there is a need for an integrated regional approach to FMD control [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory capacity for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in Eastern Africa: implications for the progressive control pathway

et al. 2013

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BackgroundAccurate diagnosis is pertinent to any disease control programme. If Eastern Africa is to work towards control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) using the Progressive Control Pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) as a tool, then the capacity of national reference laboratories (NRLs) mandated to diagnose FMD should match this task. This study assessed the laboratory capacity of 14 NRLs of the Eastern Africa Region Laboratory Network member countries using a semi-structured questionnaire and retrospective data from the World Reference Laboratory for FMD annual reports and Genbank® through National Centre for Biotechnology Information for the period 2006–2010.ResultsThe questionnaire response rate was 13/14 (93%). Twelve out of the 13 countries/regions had experienced at least one outbreak in the relevant five year period. Only two countries (Ethiopia and Kenya) had laboratories at biosecurity level 3 and only three (Ethiopia, Kenya and Sudan) had identified FMD virus serotypes for all reported outbreaks. Based on their own country/region assessment, 12/13 of these countries /regions were below stage 3 of the PCP-FMD. Quarantine (77%) and vaccination (54%) were the major FMD control strategies employed. The majority (12/13) of the NRLs used serological techniques to diagnose FMD, seven used antigen ELISA and three of these (25%) also used molecular techniques which were the tests most frequently requested from collaborating laboratories by the majority (69%) of the NRLs. Only 4/13 (31%) participated in proficiency testing for FMD. Four (31%) laboratories had no quality management systems (QMS) in place and where QMS existed it was still deficient, thus, none of the laboratories had achieved accreditation for FMD diagnosis.ConclusionsThis study indicates that FMD diagnostic capacity in Eastern Africa is still inadequate and largely depends on antigen and antibody ELISAs techniques undertaken by the NRLs. Hence, for the region to progress on the PCP-FMD, there is need to: implement regional control measures, improve the serological diagnostic test performance and laboratory capacity of the NRLs (including training of personnel as well as upgrading of equipment and methods, especially strengthening the molecular diagnostic capacity), and to establish a regional reference laboratory to enforce QMS and characterization of FMD virus containing samples.

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Diversity and transboundary mobility of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in East Africa: Implications for vaccination policies

Cited by 48 publications

References 27 publications

Genetic diversity of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Kenya from 1964 to 2013; implications for control strategies in eastern Africa

Genetic diversity of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Kenya from 1964 to 2013; implications for control strategies in eastern Africa

Phylodynamic reconstruction of O CATHAY topotype foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemics in the Philippines

Laboratory capacity for diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease in Eastern Africa: implications for the progressive control pathway

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