“…This is important, because lignin in wood cell walls represents a challenging substrate, and is mostly decomposed by fungal exo-enzymes (Kirk and Farrell, 1987). Early WD decay appears limited by fungal colonization; limited to fungi already present in living wood (Parfitt et al, 2010), the arrival of airborne fungal spores (Vasiliauskas et al, 2005), fauna delivering spores (Persson et al, 2011), and hyphal in-growth from nearby fungi (Boddy, 2001;Carpenter et al, 1988;Jönsson et al, 2008;Watkinson et al, 2006). Intermediate WD generally decays more rapidly, with late stages again becoming limited by the exhaustion of materials most beneficial to microbes (e.g., Harmon et al, 1986).…”