Downtown Plans of the 1980s: The Case for More Equity in the 1990s

Keating, W. Dennis; Krumholz, Norman

doi:10.1080/01944369108975483

Cited by 48 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Research detailing these decision-making processes (Chakalis et al, 2002;Keating & Krumholz, 1991;Keating et al, 1995;Krumholz, 1982Krumholz, , 1999 explores how equitable policies were put into action to great success. Yet these instances remain the exception rather than the rule (Metzger, 1996), with few local decision-makers basing policies and processes on promoting equitable outcomes in planning and development.…”

Section: Equity: Seeking Just Outcomes For the Marginalizedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Democracy in Action?: NIMBY as Impediment to Equitable Affordable Housing Siting

Tighe¹,

Scally

2015

Housing Studies

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Effective democracy requires participation. However, the history of urban politics, housing policy, and neighborhood revitalization has demonstrated that wealth and power often overshadow participation and community activism. Proponents of equity planning and advocacy planning in the USA have fought to include vulnerable, marginalized populations within planning decisions, yet there have been few examples of this in action. We apply Fainstein's principles of The Just City (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2010) to investigate the extent to which local opposition affects affordable housing development. In doing so, we question the extent to which housing policy and planning in the USA successfully achieve the goals of equity and fairness, or whether not-in-mybackyard forces operating within (and beyond) "democratic" planning processes override those principles in siting decisions. Our results suggest that community opposition is a considerable barrier to the efficient siting of affordable housing, and propose changes to local planning and implementation strategies in order to minimize opposition and produce more equitable outcomes.

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Section: Equity: Seeking Just Outcomes For the Marginalizedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Democracy in Action?: NIMBY as Impediment to Equitable Affordable Housing Siting

Tighe¹,

Scally

2015

Housing Studies

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“…(Hartman, 2002). This resulted in the so-called "Manhattanization" of San Francisco (Keating and Krumholz, 1991).…”

Section: From the Manhattanization Of San Francisco To The 1985 Downtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind and the city: An evaluation of San Francisco’s planning approach since 1985

Kim

Macdonald

2016

Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science

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In 1985, San Francisco adopted a downtown plan on ground-level wind currents intended to mitigate the negative effects of wind on pedestrians' perceived comfort in public open spaces. The plan mandates that new buildings in designated parts of the city associated with high density or development potential be designed or adopt measures to not cause wind in excess of accepted comfort levels. This study examines whether and to what degree the plan has successfully shaped an urban form that mitigates wind by comparing the ground-level wind environment in 1985 and 2013. A series of wind tunnel tests found that during San Francisco's windiest season when the westerly winds are prevalent, the overall mean wind speed ratio measured at 318 locations in four areas of the city dropped by 22 percent. However, there still exist many excessively windy places that are associated with specific urban form conditions, including streets oriented to have direct exposure to westerly winds, flat façades on high-rise buildings, and horizontal street walls where building façades align. Recommendations based on the findings include incorporating more tangible guidance on the built form conditions, expanding the plan's reach to cover more parts of the city, and learning from strategies used elsewhere. By evaluating the urban form impacts of a wind mitigation policy that has been in place for 30 years, the research offers insights for other cities that have implemented or plan to adopt similar approach and sheds light on issues related to wind comfort in high-density urban areas.

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“…City governments preferred downtown office development as they convey several advantages: offices pay high property taxes, they accommodate large cadres of high-paying white-collar employees, and distinct office towers are essential for creating urban iconicity (Zukin, 1992;Greenberg, 2003;Kaika and Thielen, 2005). Only in exceptional cases (e.g., San Francisco and Toronto), have downtown plans sought to limit development and growth making local governments balk at compliance with market forces (Gad, 1985;Simmie, 1987;Keating and Krumholtz, 1991;DeLeon, 1992). In the late twentieth century, property-led development supported by market-driven modes of planning and the emergence of the 'post-corporate CBD' (Barnes and Hutton, 2009) fostered a shift from office and commercial development to residential and mixed-use development.…”

Section: Planning Policies and Downtown Redevelopmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downtown redevelopment and land-use regulation: Can planning policies discipline property development?

Charney

2015

Land Use Policy

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Downtown Plans of the 1980s: The Case for More Equity in the 1990s

Cited by 48 publications

References 10 publications

Democracy in Action?: NIMBY as Impediment to Equitable Affordable Housing Siting

Democracy in Action?: NIMBY as Impediment to Equitable Affordable Housing Siting

Wind and the city: An evaluation of San Francisco’s planning approach since 1985

Downtown redevelopment and land-use regulation: Can planning policies discipline property development?

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