Earth‐Abundant Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction

Xia, Wei; Mahmood, Asif; Liang, Zibin; Zou, Ruqiang; Guo, Shaojun

doi:10.1002/anie.201504830

Cited by 997 publications

(662 citation statements)

References 288 publications

(548 reference statements)

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“…Pd-based nanomaterials have been proven to be ORR active, as Pd can adsorb oxygen molecules and form stable and compact oxides [68]. Pd [13][14][15][16][17] (SR) [18][19][20][21][22] clusters protected by 4-tert-butylbenzenethiolate have been successfully fabricated by Zhang and Jin's group [69]. Distinct ORR performance was observed for the ligand-on and ligand-off Pd clusters.…”

Section: Pd and Ru Clusters For Orrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Noble Metal Clusters

Tang

Wang

2018

Catalysts

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Highly-efficient catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been extensively investigated for the development of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The state-ofthe-art Pt/C catalysts suffer from high price, limited accessibility of Pt, sluggish reaction kinetics, as well as undesirable long-term durability. Engineering ultra-small noble metal clusters with high surface-to-volume ratios and robust stabilities for ORR represents a new avenue. After a simple introduction regarding the significance of ORR and the recent development of noble metal clusters, the general ORR mechanism in both acidic and basic media is firstly discussed. Subsequently, we will summarize the recent efforts employing Pt, Au, Ag, Pd and Ru clusters, as well as the alloyed bi-metallic clusters for acquiring highly efficient catalysts to enhance both the activity and stability of ORR. Molecular noble metal clusters with definitive composition to reveal the relevant ORR mechanism will be particularly highlighted. Finally, the current challenges, the future outlook, as well as the perspectives in this booming field will be proposed, featuring the great opportunities and potentials to engineering noble metal clusters as highly-efficient and durable cathodic catalysts for fuel cell applications.

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Section: Pd and Ru Clusters For Orrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First of all, the scant availability of Pt and resulting high price comprise one of the major drawbacks of such a catalyst. Note that the price of the Pt/C catalyst accounts for 50% of the cost of a fuel-cell stack [13]. Secondly, such a Pt/C catalyst still suffers from slow reaction kinetics, resulting in undesirable performance [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Noble Metal Clusters

Tang

Wang

2018

Catalysts

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show abstract

“…In particular, Fe/Ndoped carbon electrocatalysts have been considered as a very promising family of NPMCs for ORR because of the high catalytic activity, easy access, and cheap iron resources [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. However, the ORR activity of Fe-N-C catalysts still remains deficient compared to that of Ptbased catalysts in acidic media, owing to the low density of active sites [33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene-templated synthesis of sandwich-like porous carbon nanosheets for efficient oxygen reduction reaction in both alkaline and acidic media

Wang

et al. 2018

Sci. China Mater.

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Developing low-cost, high-performance electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for implementation of fuel cells and metal-air batteries into practical applications. Graphene-based catalysts have been extensively investigated for ORR in alkaline electrolytes. However, their performance in acidic electrolytes still requires further improvement compared to the Pt/C catalyst. Here we report a self-templating approach to prepare graphene-based sandwich-like porous carbon nanosheets for efficient ORR in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes. Graphene oxides were first used to adsorb m-phenylenediamine molecules which can form a nitrogen-rich polymer network after oxidative polymerization. Then iron (Fe) salt was introduced into the polymer network and transformed into ORR active Fe-N-C sites along with Fe, FeS, and FeN 0.05 nanoparticles after pyrolysis, generating ORR active sandwich-like carbon nanosheets. Due to the presence of multiple ORR active sites. The as-obtained catalyst exhibited prominent ORR activity with a half-wave potential~30 mV more positive than Pt/C in 0.1 mol L −1 KOH, while the half-wave potential of the catalyst was only~40 mV lower than that of commercial Pt/C in 0.1 mol L −1 HClO 4 . The unique planar sandwich-like structure could expose abundant active sites for ORR. Meanwhile, the graphene layer and porous structure could simultaneously enhance electrical conductivity and facilitate mass transport. The prominent electrocatalytic activity and durability in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes indicate that these carbon nanosheets hold great potential as alternatives to precious metalbased catalysts, as demonstrated in zinc-air batteries and proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

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“…However, in spite of tremendous efforts, ideal materials with excellent electrochemical activity and durability are yet to be developed. The major difficulty lies in the intrinsic catalytic activity, active sites and the poor mass transport of the potential materials [16]. Current approaches to improving such materials include the tuning of active sites and the construction of nanostructures [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bimetallic organic frameworks derived CuNi/carbon nanocomposites as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

et al. 2017

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Catalysts of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)play key roles in renewable energy technologies such as metal-air batteries and fuel cells. Despite tremendous efforts, highly active catalysts with low cost remain elusive. This work used metal-organic frameworks to synthesize non-precious bimetallic carbon nanocomposites as efficient ORR catalysts. Although carbon-based Cu and Ni are good candidates, the hybrid nanocomposites take advantage of both metals to improve catalytic activity. The resulting molar ratio of Cu/Ni in the nanocomposites can be finely controlled by tuning the recipe of the precursors. Nanocomposites with a series of molar ratios were produced, and they exhibited much better ORR catalytic performance than their monometallic counterparts in terms of limited current density, onset potential and half-wave potential. In addition, their extraordinary stability in alkaline is superior to that of commercially-available Pt-based materials, which adds to the appeal of the bimetallic carbon nanocomposites as ORR catalysts. Their improved performance can be attributed to the synergetic effects of Cu and Ni, and the enhancement of the carbon matrix.

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Earth‐Abundant Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction

Cited by 997 publications

References 288 publications

Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Noble Metal Clusters

Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalyzed by Noble Metal Clusters

Graphene-templated synthesis of sandwich-like porous carbon nanosheets for efficient oxygen reduction reaction in both alkaline and acidic media

Bimetallic organic frameworks derived CuNi/carbon nanocomposites as efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction

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