Effect of Ethanol and Methanol on the Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica L.)

Morales-Olán, Gema; Rojas-López, M.; Dı́az-Reyes, J.; Rosas-Cárdenas, Flor de Fátima; Luna-Suárez, Silvia

doi:10.17576/jsm-2020-4906-06

Cited by 12 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 28 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the aqueous and methanolic solvents used in rat models showed that the leaf extract was safe at a dose > 5000 mg/kg [ 16 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Hence, it can be deduced that ethanolic leaf extract was safe within these ranges as methanol is more toxic than ethanol [ 24 , 25 ]. Several studies on A. muricata leaf extract toxicity have been performed; however, there is still no study that has been carried out using metabolomics perspectives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Acute Toxicological Effects of Annona muricata Leaf Ethanol Extract on Rats: Biochemical, Histopathological, and Metabolomics Analyses

Zubaidi

Qadi

Maarof

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Annona muricata is a common plant used in Africa and South America to manage various types of disease. However, there is insufficient toxicological information or published standard available regarding repeated dose animal toxicity data. As part of the safety assessment, we exposed Sprague Dawley rats to an acute oral toxicity of A. muricata. The intent of the current study was to use advanced proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) in serum and urinary metabolomics evaluation techniques to provide the in vivo acute toxicological profile of A. muricata leaf ethanol extract in accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) 423 guidelines. A single 2000 mg/kg dose of A. muricata leaf ethanol extract was administered to Sprague Dawley rats over an observational period of 14 days. The toxicity evaluation (physical and behavior observation, body weight, renal function test, liver function test and 1H NMR analysis) showed no abnormal toxicity. Histopathological analysis manifested mild changes, i.e., the treated kidney manifested mild hypercellularity of mesangial cells and mild red blood cell congestion. In addition, there was mild hemorrhage into tissue with scattered inflammatory cells and mild dilated central vein with fibrosis in the liver. However, the changes were very mild and not significant which correlate with other analyses conducted in this study (biochemical test and 1H NMR metabolomic analysis). On the other hand, urinary 1H NMR analysis collected on day 15 revealed high similarity on the metabolite variations for both untreated and treated groups. Importantly, the outcomes suggest that A. muricata leaf ethanol extract can be safely consumed at a dose of 2000 mg/kg and the LD50 must be more than 2000 mg/kg.

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