Effects of castration on female rabbit bladder physiology and morphology

Parekh, Mitesh; Chichester, Paul; Lobel, Robert W.; Aikawa, Kohsuke; Levin, Robert M.

doi:10.1016/j.urology.2004.06.014

Cited by 48 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Urothelial cells have previously been shown to express estrogen receptors in rabbit, mouse, and human bladder; these estrogen receptors are not seen in the detrusor muscle [14,15] . The urothelial hypoxia seen in this study is likely to be clinically signifi cant as it is likely a precursor to the apoptosis and atrophy seen in the long-term ovariectomy groups [1,7] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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The Immediate Effect of Castration on Female Rabbit Bladder Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation

Badger

Whitbeck²,

Kogan³

et al. 2006

Urol Int

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Background: The female urinary bladder is a target organ for estrogen. Reductions in circulating estrogen have been associated with urothelial and vaginal atrophy and bladder disorders including incontinence and increased incidence of bladder infections. We determined the effect of short-term ovariectomy on sex hormones, bladder blood flow, and tissue oxygenation in the rabbit model. Materials and Methods: Female New Zealand White rabbits were ovariectomized and evaluated on 1, 3, and 7 days after ovariectomy. Tissue oxygenation (pO₂) and blood flow were measured with oxylab system of real time measurements. Serum estrogen and progesterone were determined at sacrifice. Tissue hypoxia was localized histologically using Hypoxyprobe-1 immunohistochemistry. Results: Short-term ovariectomy caused rapid decreases in serum estrogen and progesterone, significant decreases in urothelial oxygenation and blood flow. No significant decreases in blood flow or oxygenation were noted for the detrusor smooth muscle. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of urothelial hypoxia at all times after ovariectomy. Bladder muscle did not demonstrate significant levels of hypoxia. Conclusion: The bladder urothelium is extremely sensitive to short-term ovariectomy, with significant urothelial hypoxia seen by post-ovariectomy day 1. Urothelial hypoxia may play a significant role in pelvic pain syndromes, incontinence, and increased susceptibility to bladder infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Previous work showed that oviarectomy resulted in decreased blood fl ow and decreased contractile force to both the mucosa and muscle at 6 weeks after ovariectomy [1,7] . One would anticipate similar results if the current study were expanded to include longer-duration ovariectomies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immediate Effect of Castration on Female Rabbit Bladder Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation

Badger

Whitbeck²,

Kogan³

et al. 2006

Urol Int

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“…One mechanism that has been speculated to be involved in these bladder dysfunctions involves estrogen-mediated blood flow changes to the bladder (Parekh et al 2004). In our previous studies, Ovx resulted in decreased blood flow to the bladder mucosa and muscle compartments resulting in mucosal and smooth muscle atrophy, increased collagen synthesis and distribution, and decreased contractility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Estrogen induces angiogenesis of the female rabbit bladder

Lin

Mannikarottu

Kogan³

et al. 2006

Journal of Endocrinology

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Postmenopausal bladder dysfunction has been speculated to involve decreased circulating estrogen levels. It is our hypothesis that estrogen induces bladder dysfunctions by modulating blood flow to the bladder, i.e. low estrogen reduces blood flow to the bladder, whereas high estrogen increases blood flow. Our previous studies have demonstrated that estrogen administration in female rabbits induces a 'functional hypertrophy' of the urinary bladder smooth muscle represented by increased smooth muscle mass, which corresponds to increased contractile responses to all forms of stimulation. The present study investigates the effect of estrogen on vasculature density and distribution. Twentyfour female New Zealand white rabbits were separated into six groups of four rabbits each. Group 1 served as controls. Groups 2-6 were ovariectomized. Two weeks after ovariectomy (Ovx), groups 3-6 were given 17-b estradiol(1 mg/kg per day) by s.c. implant for 1, 3, 7, and 14 days respectively. Blood vessel density and distribution were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative image analyses. Ovx resulted in significant vascular degeneration and decreased density, whereas estradiol administration mediated a significant angiogenic effect characterized by increased vascular density, and distribution of new vasculature within the smooth muscle bundles of the detrusor. Estradiol-induced vasculogenesis corresponds with our previously demonstrated increase in blood flow to the bladder and increased contractility. The most interesting aspect of these studies is the increased vascularization localized within the muscle bundles rather than between the muscle bundles, which may be important in the link between estrogen and increased incidence of cancers.

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“…This effect may only be partly reversed by oestrogen supplementation. 19 Oestrogen also targets the functional layers of the urethra (epithelium, vasculature, connective tissue and muscle) which are integral for maintaining continence.…”

Section: Sex Hormones and Urinary Continencementioning

confidence: 99%

Menopause and its effect on the female lower urinary tract

Henn

2010

South African Family Practice

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Significant hormonal changes occur at the time of menopause and this has an impact on all oestrogen-sensitive tissue.The female lower urinary tract (LUT) is no exception. Decreasing levels of oestrogen characteristic of the menopause produce symptomatic, histological and functional changes of the vulva, vagina and lower urinary tract together. Examples of specific urogenital problems include urgency, urinary incontinence and susceptibility to urinary tract infection. Oestrogen therapy works by preventing or reversing urogenital atrophy and provides symptomatic improvement although it may need to be combined with other treatments for certain conditions such as incontinence. Oestrogen therapy requires time to become effective with vaginal preparations probably superior to systemic therapy. Prophylactic oestrogen therapy has not been shown to be clearly of benefit for specific types of urinary incontinence.Peer reviewed.

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Effects of castration on female rabbit bladder physiology and morphology

Cited by 48 publications

References 14 publications

The Immediate Effect of Castration on Female Rabbit Bladder Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation

The Immediate Effect of Castration on Female Rabbit Bladder Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation

Estrogen induces angiogenesis of the female rabbit bladder

Menopause and its effect on the female lower urinary tract

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