“…The increased thermal conductivity contributed to an improvement in heat dissipation and a decline in thermal insulation. A significant change of thermal conductivity for fabrics is usually achieved by large amount of loading thermally conductive additives with a good dispersion or even network structure [28,29]. However, none of the above conditions were met in this experiment, so it is plausible that the difference of thermal conductivities among all the samples was little.…”
At present, research rarely focuses on side effects of the use of mold inhibitors on raw cotton and ramie fabric. Four different mold inhibitors (dimethyl fumarate (DMF), ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (EHB), propyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHB), and calcium sorbate (CS)) were used to treat raw cotton and ramie fabric through a dipping method. The optical properties, wettability, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and combustion properties of treated cotton and ramie samples have been investigated. The reflectance of UV light was improved by the addition of mold inhibitors. In addition, the presence of EHB, PHB, and CS improved the wettability of raw cotton and ramie fabric. It was found that thermal conductivity was slightly increased, influencing the heat insulation effect of the fabrics. Since the additives are flammable, the presence of DMF, EHB, and PHB caused an increase in pHRR and THR for combustion of cotton samples. This addition of CS caused a decrease in pHRR and THR of cotton due to the flame retardancy of CS. This comprehensive investigation of the properties of raw cotton and ramie fabrics treated with these materials should provide a basis for the choice of mold inhibitors.
“…The increased thermal conductivity contributed to an improvement in heat dissipation and a decline in thermal insulation. A significant change of thermal conductivity for fabrics is usually achieved by large amount of loading thermally conductive additives with a good dispersion or even network structure [28,29]. However, none of the above conditions were met in this experiment, so it is plausible that the difference of thermal conductivities among all the samples was little.…”
At present, research rarely focuses on side effects of the use of mold inhibitors on raw cotton and ramie fabric. Four different mold inhibitors (dimethyl fumarate (DMF), ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (EHB), propyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHB), and calcium sorbate (CS)) were used to treat raw cotton and ramie fabric through a dipping method. The optical properties, wettability, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and combustion properties of treated cotton and ramie samples have been investigated. The reflectance of UV light was improved by the addition of mold inhibitors. In addition, the presence of EHB, PHB, and CS improved the wettability of raw cotton and ramie fabric. It was found that thermal conductivity was slightly increased, influencing the heat insulation effect of the fabrics. Since the additives are flammable, the presence of DMF, EHB, and PHB caused an increase in pHRR and THR for combustion of cotton samples. This addition of CS caused a decrease in pHRR and THR of cotton due to the flame retardancy of CS. This comprehensive investigation of the properties of raw cotton and ramie fabrics treated with these materials should provide a basis for the choice of mold inhibitors.
“…It is hypothesised that clothing performance may play a vital role in heat and moisture transfer in the human-clothing microenvironment system and lead to differences in human thermal perceptions in cold-humid and cold-dry environments. Cotton material has been confirmed to exhibit superior moisture absorption and desorption [35]. Therefore, this study selected clothing ensembles of 100% cotton, including a long-sleeved dress shirt, long-sleeved sweater shirt and thick trousers.…”
Section: Experimental Clothingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the effects of moisture on clothing thermal resistance and heat transfer have been neglected in most cases [26]. Wang [35] measured the influence of clothing material on "wet" conductive thermal resistance and found that due to the higher amount of moisture contained, cotton fabric tended to exhibit a low thermal resistance. In this study, significant regain rates of approximately 10% were observed in cotton clothes at 85% RH ( Table 2), meaning that increased moisture contents were absorbed in the clothes prior to dressing.…”
Section: Evaluation Of Clothing Moisture Effects On Human Thermal Commentioning
Air humidity produces conditions of varying moisture contents in clothing, which affects the heat and moisture transfer between human body, clothing and environment, as well as the wearers' comfort. This study was designed to evaluate the moisture effects in clothing in cold environments. A series of wearing experiments were conducted in a climate chamber, simulating transient moisture absorption and desorption in experimental clothes. Totally 20 subjects were involved in three temperature levels (16 o C/20 o C/24 o C) and two relative humidity levels (15% RH/85% RH) during winter, with physiological measurement and subjective evaluation. The results showed that moisture in clothing under 85% RH significantly reduced subject mean skin temperatures(MST) and increased the local blood flow, due to enhanced heat loss by 2 vapour evaporation. The initial skin wettedness was approximately 0.7 at 85% RH and stabilised at 0.33 after 90min exposure. The skin heat loss (Qskin) at 85% RH was almost twice as high as that at 15% RH under the same temperature conditions, owing to larger sensible and evaporative heat loss caused by moist clothing. The inner clothing effective temperature Teff was proposed to relate to TSV that the TSV increased by 1.12 units with an increase of 1 o C of Teff, which quantified the coupled effects of air temperature and humidity in clothing microenvironment on human thermal comfort. The findings address the negative effect of clothing absorbing a large amount of moisture, which should be considered for indoor heating temperature designs in coldhumid environments.
“…The huge discrepancy is probably due to the ambiguous test protocol, i.e., no attempt has been made to control sweating method, test condition as well as test procedure 9 ) . In addition to the above factors, the fabric ‘skin’, sweating rate, the calculation method as well as the sweating body segments can greatly affect test results 17 , 22 , 23 ) .…”
Section: Evaporative Resistance Measurements By a Sweating Manikinmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 ). Presently, there is no standardized fabric ‘skin’ for sweating thermal manikins and also, no requirement or suggestion on how to select fabric ‘skin’ has been addressed in ASTM F2370 (2016) 23 ) . Fig.…”
Evaporative resistance has been widely used to describe the evaporative heat transfer property of clothing. It is also a critical variable in heat stress models for predicting human physiological responses in various environmental conditions. At present, sweating thermal manikins provide a fast and cost-effective way to determine clothing evaporative resistance. Unfortunately, the measurement repeatability and reproducibility of evaporative resistance are rather low due to the complicated moisture transfer processes through clothing. This review article presents a systematical overview on major influential factors affecting the measurement precision of clothing evaporative resistance measurements. It also illustrates the state-of-the-art knowledge on the development of test protocol to measure clothing evaporative resistance by means of a sweating manikin. Some feasible and robust test procedures for measurement of clothing evaporative resistance using a sweating manikin are described. Recommendations on how to improve the measurement accuracy of clothing evaporative resistance are addressed and expected future trends on development of advanced sweating thermal manikins are finally presented.
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