Effects of inertia emulation in modern wind parks on isolated power systems

Rahmann, Claudia; Jara, Jorge; Salles, Márcia Saladini Vieira

doi:10.1109/pesgm.2015.7285749

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The displacement of a large number of conventional SGs by inertia-less RES can lead to deterioration in both system frequency control and inertial response, thus significantly affecting the dynamic behavior of the system frequency [9], [10], [11]. This can be especially critical in the case of islanded systems and small isolated systems, where the inertia (without RES) is already low [12], [13].…”

Section: A Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Approach for Defining Frequency Related Grid Requirements in Low-Carbon Power Systems

et al. 2020

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Moving towards low-carbon electricity systems through the massive deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) presents a unique opportunity to combat climate change, but it also poses enormous technical challenges, especially from a frequency viewpoint. To ensure a secure RES integration in terms of frequency stability, system operators worldwide have adopted new grid codes requiring RES to provide fast frequency response (FFR). However, if not properly justified, stringent requirements may pose an unnecessary barrier to further RES development and slow their network integration. In this context, this paper presents a methodological framework for systematically defining FFR requirements for RES to ensure system frequency stability. The proposal comprises: i) a model for simulating the dynamic response of system frequency following a contingency with reduced computational effort, ii) a model for reallocating contingency reserves with economic criteria to avoid loss of load following a contingency, and iii) novel indices for characterizing the dynamic performance of system frequency in terms of key operational characteristics, which are then used for defining frequency related grid codes. The benefits and practicability of our proposal are demonstrated in a case study on the Northern Interconnected System in Chile. We show how our proposal can be used to i) identify system operating conditions in which the contribution of RES with FFR is necessary to avoid loss of load and ii) to propose a technically and economically justified grid code that allows both to foster further RES integration while ensuring power system security.

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Section: A Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Approach for Defining Frequency Related Grid Requirements in Low-Carbon Power Systems

et al. 2020

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“…The frequency nadir of a synchronous system is defined as the lowest level that system frequency dips during a loss of a large generation event [17]. There have been a number of papers written on this subject, some of which utilize the spill and/or discharge of rotor inertia to provide the means of injecting power during a frequency event [18][19][20]. GE's WindCONTROL™ system is an example of an implemented system control that accomplishes this function [2].…”

Section: Arresting Frequency Nadirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Wind Turbine Kinetic Energy to Supply Transmission Level Services

Guttromson¹,

Gravagne²,

White³

et al. 2018

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This paper discusses the broad use of rotational kinetic energy stored in wind turbine rotors to supply services to the electrical power grid. The grid services are discussed in terms of zero-net-energy, which do not require a reduction in power output via pitch control (spill), but neither do they preclude doing so. The services discussed include zero-net-energy regulation, transient and small signal stability, and other frequency management services. The delivery of this energy requires a trade-off between the frequency and amplitude of power modulation and is limited, in some cases, by equipment ratings and the unresearched long-term mechanical effects on the turbine. As wind displaces synchronous generation, the grid's inertial storage is being reduced, but the amount of accessible kinetic energy in a wind turbine at rated speed is approximately 6 times greater than that of a generator with only a 0.12% loss in efficiency and 75 times greater at 10% loss. The potential flexibility of the wind's kinetic storage is also high. However, the true cost of providing grid services using wind turbines, which includes a potential increase in operations and maintenance costs, have not been compared to the value of the services themselves.

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“…Usually, inertia emulation is implemented in modern wind turbines (WTs) and its impact on frequency stability is widely demonstrated [36][37][38]. In this work the synthetic inertia is supposed to be applied also to static generators connected to the LV distribution network (e.g., photovoltaic plants) in order to investigate its impact on frequency oscillations and islanding detection.…”

Section: Synthetic Inertiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Distributed Generation Grid Code Requirements on Islanding Detection in LV Networks

Bignucolo

Cerretti²,

Coppo

et al. 2017

Energies

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Abstract:The recent growing diffusion of dispersed generation in low voltage (LV) distribution networks is entailing new rules to make local generators participate in network stability. Consequently, national and international grid codes, which define the connection rules for stability and safety of electrical power systems, have been updated requiring distributed generators and electrical storage systems to supply stabilizing contributions. In this scenario, specific attention to the uncontrolled islanding issue has to be addressed since currently required anti-islanding protection systems, based on relays locally measuring voltage and frequency, could no longer be suitable. In this paper, the effects on the interface protection performance of different LV generators' stabilizing functions are analysed. The study takes into account existing requirements, such as the generators' active power regulation (according to the measured frequency) and reactive power regulation (depending on the local measured voltage). In addition, the paper focuses on other stabilizing features under discussion, derived from the medium voltage (MV) distribution network grid codes or proposed in the literature, such as fast voltage support (FVS) and inertia emulation. Stabilizing functions have been reproduced in the DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2016 software environment, making use of its native programming language. Later, they are tested both alone and together, aiming to obtain a comprehensive analysis on their impact on the anti-islanding protection effectiveness. Through dynamic simulations in several network scenarios the paper demonstrates the detrimental impact that such stabilizing regulations may have on loss-of-main protection effectiveness, leading to an increased risk of unintentional islanding.

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Effects of inertia emulation in modern wind parks on isolated power systems

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Methodological Approach for Defining Frequency Related Grid Requirements in Low-Carbon Power Systems

Methodological Approach for Defining Frequency Related Grid Requirements in Low-Carbon Power Systems

Use of Wind Turbine Kinetic Energy to Supply Transmission Level Services

Impact of Distributed Generation Grid Code Requirements on Islanding Detection in LV Networks

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