Effects of multivalent cations on low-rank coal solubilities in alkaline solutions and microbial cultures

Quigley, David; Breckenridge, Cynthia R.; Dugan, Patrick R.; Ward, Bailey

doi:10.1021/ef00017a007

Cited by 32 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Solubilisation is typically attributed to the action of alkaline metabolites produced under these conditions [8]. Low rank coal has a low N content (1.74%) [31] and cultures growing on high concentrations of low rank coal might be expected to become N limited.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coal biodegradation is thought to involve a complex array of constituents and processes involving hydrolytic enzymes [6], oxidative enzymes [7], acidic/alkaline substances [8], chelating agents [9], and surfactants [10]. It is generally believed that oxidative enzymes are the primary factors in coal depolymerisation [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several strategies have been developed in attempts to enhance the yield of coal biosolubilisation products, including the use of cell-free extracts [15], and the addition of chelating agents [9,16] or alkali [8]. The generation of coal derived-organic intermediates is thought to involve one or more of the following: depolymerisation of aromatic structures which are linked by aliphatic and ether bridges [17], oxidative and decarboxylative changes to the monomers/oligomers, removal of sulfur, nitrogen and/or metals [18] and ring cleavage reactions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Degradation of low rank coal by Trichoderma atroviride ES11

Silva-Stenico

Vengadajellum

Janjua

et al. 2007

J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol

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A new isolate of Trichoderma atroviride has been shown to grow on low rank coal as the sole carbon source. T. atroviride ES11 degrades approximately 82% of particulate coal (10 g l(-1)) over a period of 21 days with 50% reduction in 6 days. Glucose (5 g l(-1)) as a supplemented carbon source enhanced the coal solubilisation efficiency of T. atroviride ES11, while 10 and 20 g l(-1) glucose decrease coal solubilisation efficiency. Addition of nitrogen [1 g l(-1) (NH(4))(2)SO(4)] to the medium also increased the coal solubilisation efficiency of T. atroviride ES11. Assay results from coal-free and coal-supplemented cultures suggested that several intracellular enzymes are possibly involved in coal depolymerisation processes some of which are constitutive (phenol hydroxylase) and others that were activated or induced in the presence of coal (2,3-dihydrobiphenyl-2,3-diol dehydrogenase, 3,4-dihydro phenanthrene-3,4-diol dehydrogenase, 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dehydrogenase, 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyanthracene dehydrogenase). GC-MS analysis of chloroform extracts obtained from coal degrading T. atroviride ES11 cultures showed the formation of only a limited number of specific compounds (4-hydroxyphenylethanol, 1,2-benzenediol, 2-octenoic acid), strongly suggesting that the intimate association between coal particles and fungal mycelia results in rapid and near-quantitative transfer of coal depolymerisation products into the cell.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Degradation of low rank coal by Trichoderma atroviride ES11

Silva-Stenico

Vengadajellum

Janjua

et al. 2007

J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol

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“…(2) 螯合作用机理有研究表明微生物降解煤炭的过程中,一些真菌会产生螯合剂,它可以与煤炭中的金属离子形成金属螯合物,通过脱除煤炭中的金属,使煤炭结构解体,转化为水可溶物 [30] 。大量研究表明生物质炭的可利用态金属离子 K、Ca、Mg 等含量较为丰富 [31] ,微生物产生的螯合剂有可能与金属离子形成金属螯合物从而促进生物 [38] 。 Bruun 等开展了不同热解条件下小麦秸秆制备的生物质炭的实验室短期培养实验,结果发现,随着热解温度的升高生物质炭中的纤维素和半纤维素含量逐渐降低,生物质炭的矿化率也随之减小 [39] 。 Nguyen 等利用定量核磁共振分析了 350-600 益条件下制得的玉米秸秆生物质炭的稳定性,结果发现,随着温度上升生物质炭的芳香化程度从 83%上升到 90%,炭层的发展和排列变得更为有序 [40] 。 Zimmerman 等的室内模拟试验也发现,与 250 益制备的木炭相比,400、525 益和 650 益条件下制备的木炭在 1a 时间内的矿化率分别降低了 27%、43%和 44% [19] 。以上研究都从不同角度说明炭化温度的提高有助于提升生物质炭的稳定性,并增加其碳汇作用。尽管炭化温度的上升导致炭芳香化程度的增强被普遍认为是生物质炭稳定性提高的主要原因 [13] ,但是 [43] 。土壤粒子的团聚体物理保护作用可使生物质炭免于生物与非生物氧化。 Skjemstad 等研究了粘粒级和粉砂级团聚体对有机碳的保护作用,结果发现,粘粒级团聚体中 23% 的有机碳能够抵抗紫外氧化,而粉砂级团聚体中 36%的有机碳能够抵抗紫外氧化 [44] 。 Brodowsiki 等研究了团聚结构对土壤黑碳含量的影响,结果发现,粒径<53 滋m 的微团聚体中的黑碳含量最高,粒径>2 mm 的大团聚体中的黑碳含量最低,表明黑碳能够更稳定地存在于土壤微团聚结构中 [45] 。土壤氧气和水分条件也会影响生物质炭的稳定性。 Masiello 等的研究发现黑碳可以在海洋沉积物中保存 2400-13900a [9] ,而通气条件较好的热带土壤中的黑碳只能稳定存在数十年至上百年 [46] ,表明土壤氧气和水分条件对生物质炭降解发挥着重要的作用。章明奎等的研究发现土壤生物质炭在淹水条件下比非淹水条件下具有更高的稳定性 [47] 。 Nguyen 等考察了淹水、不淹水和两者交替作用三种水分管理方式对生物质炭降解特性的影响,结果发现,玉米芯生物质炭在不淹水条件下的矿化速率最大,矿化速率与土壤中氧气的可利用性有关 [32] ,而橡木生物质炭在干湿交替条件下的矿化速率相对较大,土壤团聚结构的破坏 [11] 。随后,他们调查了不同气候和土壤条件下自然存在的 11 种不同的生物质炭,结果发现,年平均温度对生物质炭在自然条件下的氧化作用比土壤 pH 值、黏土含量等土壤因素对于炭的氧化影响更加显著 [51] 。随着外界温度的上升,生物质炭的表面负电荷显著上升,生物质炭的非生物氧化很大程度上是由氧的化学吸附启动,随后导致羧基官能团的形成 [52] ,这种反应会在温度上升时迅速加快类型生物质炭,结果发现将挥发性物质含量与无机碳修正过的 H 颐 C 比值相结合能够有效地评估生物质炭的稳定性 [56] 。而 Spokas 则认为 O 颐C 不仅体现了生物质炭的制备温度,而且考虑了原料和后期其它制备条件的影响,因而相对制备参数和挥发性物质含量能够更加准确评估生物质炭的稳定性 [57] 。 Singh 等人通过核磁共振分析发现,非芳香化碳的比例和芳香化碳的聚集程度-驻啄值与生物质炭的稳定性有良好的非线性相关关系 [58] ,Bruun 等人则发现生物质炭的矿化率与其纤维素和半纤维素含量成线性正相关关系,因而可以利用它们的含量来评价生物质炭的稳定性 [39] 。最近,英国生物质炭研究中心的 Cross 和 Sohi 通过利用双氧水加速老化实验模拟生物质炭的自然氧化过程,提出了一种新型生物质炭稳定性评价方法,并认为利用这种方法能够有效预测温带气候条件下 100a 内的生物质炭自然氧化过程 [59] 化为主 [11,35] 。生物质炭两种不同组分中易分解组分的估算是利用双指数模型预测其稳定性的关键。 Cross 等人设计了生物质炭和惰性介质的两周培养实验,利用碱石灰吸收法测定培养过程中产生的二氧化碳量进而…”

Section: 微生物活性和酶活性的增加会增强生物质炭的降解。unclassified

Research progress in the biotic and abiotic oxidation of biochar

Mengxiong¹,

Min²,

Xue³

et al. 2015

Acta Eco Sin

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Biomass鄄derived black carbon, also cited as biochar, refers to the highly aromatic infused solid material produced by plant biomass pyrolysis and carbonization under oxygen鄄limited conditions. Biochar represents a large portion of the global carbon that may have served as a carbon sink over geological time scales. However, whether biochar can become one of the important materials for human being to tackle with future climate change is mainly depended on its biological and chemical stability in soil ecosystem. Therefore, it is of great importance to clarify the biotic and abiotic stability of biochar in soil ecosystem so that the role biochar may have played in past climate change or how it can be used to mitigate future climate change could be better understood. Results of the studies will be essential for scientific assessment and valuation of biochar忆s role in carbon sequestration and emission mitigation in soil ecosystem. Although biochar has generally been regarded as biologically and chemically recalcitrant, many studies have shown its oxidation in the environment. In this review, biotic and abiotic oxidation characteristics of biochar in soil ecosystem have been summarized. Abiotic oxidation of biochar, which has been observed to form O鄄containing functional groups on the surface, mainly occurs by chemical oxidation, photo鄄oxidation and inorganic cracking. In contrast, biotic oxidation of biochar takes place through two processes, namely that microbes utilized biochar directly as a carbon source or indirectly through co鄄metabolism. In addition, effects of biochar properties and environmental conditions on the biochar stability have also been discussed. Raw materials, pyrolysis processes and pyrolysis conditions, which control the physiochemical characteristics of biochar, play a significant role in its stability. On the other hand, while incorporating into soil, it has been discovered that stability of biochar could be significantly influenced by soil conditions, such as soil pH, water regimes and soil aggregate etc. Recent studies also indicated that climate conditions might have great impacts on the biochar stability. Therefore, attention needs to be paid about the combined influences of climate and soil conditions on the biotic and abiotic stability of biochar in the future. Up to now, modeling is the best method in predicting long鄄term stability of biochar. Recent studies have shown that http: / / www.ecologica.cn degradation model of biochar could be established based on its easily obtainable characteristics. Characteristics of biochar, such as volatile matter, O 颐C molar ratio, the initial proportion of nonaromatic C, degree of aromatic C condensation and a new recalcitrance index, the R 50 , which all reveal physiochemical structure differences between biochars, could be considered as appropriate screening tools for the stability of biochar. On the other hand, in order to predict biochar decomposition in soil ecosystem, experimentally based degradation rate models, such as the first order dynamic mod...

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“…Step of Progress Reference 1981 1982 1986" 1987" 1988" 1989 1991" 1994 1991" 1996 1997" 1997" 1997 SCOTT et al (1986), GRETHLEIN (1990), and others QUIGLEY et al (l987,1988b, 1989a) COHEN et al (1990, QUIGLEY et al (1988bQUIGLEY et al ( , 1989b Arctech, Virginia (USA) FAKOUSSA and WILLMANN (1991), FAKOUSSA (1994) WILLMANN (1994), RALPH and CATCHESIDE (1994b), HOFRICHTER and FRITSCHE (1996 WILLMANN and FAKOUSSA (1991), POLMAN and QUIGLEY (1991), RALPH and CATCHESIDE (1996), HOFRICHTER and FRITSCHE (1996), HENNING et al (1997, and others WILLMANN (1994), FROST (1996), and others HOFRICHTER and FRITSCHE (1997b), HOFRICHTER et al (1999) HOLKER et al (1997b STEINBUCHEL and FUCHTENBUSCH (1997), FUCHTENBUSCH and STEINBUCHEL (1999) a = and following years structure of hard coal particles or derived products (e.g., asphaltenes, organic hard coal extracts). Already FAKOUSSA (1981,1988,1990) tested, in addition to bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi from suitable locations (e.g., former forest fire sites, hard coal samples) with respect to their ability to utilize hard coal as sole source of carbon and energy and to re-lease brown colored substances from powdered hard coal.…”

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%