Effects of potential detoxifying agents on growth performance and deoxynivalenol (DON) urinary balance characteristics of nursery pigs fed DON-contaminated wheat1,2

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate potential detoxifying agents on growth of nursery pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Naturally DON-contaminated wheat (6 mg/kg) was used to achieve desired DON levels. In a 21-d study, 238 pigs (13.4 ± 1.8 kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. Diets were: 1) Positive control (PC; < 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) PC + 1.0% Product V (Nutriquest LLC, Mason City, IA), 3) Negative control (NC; 4.0 mg/kg DON), 4) NC + 1.0% Product V, and 5) NC + 1.0% sodium metabisulfite (SMB; Samirian Chemicals, Campbell, CA). There were 6 or 7 replicate pens/treatment and 7 pigs/pen. Analyzed DON was decreased by 92% when pelleted with SMB, but otherwise matched formulated levels. Overall, a DON × Product V interaction was observed for ADG ( 0.05) with a tendency for an interaction for ADFI ( 0.10). As anticipated, DON reduced ( 0.001) ADG and ADFI, but the interaction was driven by even poorer growth when Product V was added to NC diets. Pigs fed NC diets had 10% poorer G:F ( 0.001) than PC-fed pigs. Reductions in ADG due to DON were most distinct (50%) during the initial period. Adding SMB to NC diets improved ( 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, and improved ( 0.02) ADG and G:F compared to the PC diet. A urinary balance study was conducted using diets 3 to 5 from Exp. 1 to evaluate Product V and SMB on DON urinary metabolism. A 10 d adaptation was followed by a 7 d collection using 24 barrows in a randomized complete block design. Pigs fed NC + SMB diet had greater urinary DON output ( 0.05) than pigs fed NC + Product V, with NC pigs intermediate. Daily DON excretion was lowest ( 0.05) in the NC + SMB pigs. However, degradation of DON-sulfonate back to the parent DON molecule was observed as pigs fed NC + SMB excreted more DON than they consumed (164% of daily DON intake), greater ( 0.001) than pigs fed the NC (59%) or NC + Product V (48%). Overall, Product V did not alleviate DON effects on growth nor did it reduce DON absorption and excretion. However, hydrothermally processing DON-contaminated diets with 1.0% SMB restored ADFI and improved G:F. Even so, the urinary balance experiment revealed that some of the converted DON-sulfonate can degrade back to DON under physiological conditions. While further research is needed to discern the stability of the DON-sulfonate, SMB appears promising to restore performance in pelleted DON-contaminated diets.

Dietary resveratrol attenuation of intestinal inflammation and oxidative damage is linked to the alteration of gut microbiota and butyrate in piglets challenged with deoxynivalenol

“…As expected, our results showed that RES supplementation improved BW gain, ADG and gain/feed, which was in accordance with the findings of previous polyphenol-investigated studies [ 13 , 23 , 34 ]. Additionally, we observed that DON significantly impaired the growth performance of piglets, which was consistent with the results of previous studies [ 33 , 35 , 36 ]. However, RES supplementation did not significantly prevent the DON-induced reduction in growth performance.…”

Comparative efficacy of commercially available deoxynivalenol detoxifying feed additives on growth performance, total tract digestibility of components, and physiological responses in nursery pigs fed diets formulated with naturally contaminated corn1

“…FA4 resulted in commensurate ADG and ADFI to PC and superior G:F than all diets in wk 1. Similarly, adding SMB to a diet with 4 ppm DON resulted better ADG and G:F compared with the PC diet (0.05 ppm; Frobose et al, 2017 ). Several other studies have also shown that FA containing SMB mitigated negative effects of DON growth performance in pigs ( Patience et al, 2014 ; Bich et al, 2015a ; Frobose et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Although we are attributing pig responses to DON and its metabolites (e.g., 15-ADON, 3-Acetyl DON), we cannot preclude impact of other mycotoxins in the corn sample even though they were detected at lower levels. The decrease in assayed DON in NC + FA4 relative to NC was attributed to the formation of DON-sulfonate, a nontoxic product formed by the reaction between SMB and DON during hydrothermal conditions of pelleting ( Dänicke et al, 2005 ; Frobose et al, 2017 ). Pigs fed NC diet exhibited 16% and 12% reduction in ADG and ADFI relative to PC pigs after 7 days of exposure.…”

“…As opposed to aflatoxin, DON is difficult to bind due to its non-polar structure, thus challenging the effectiveness of FA that rely solely on binding capacity ( Jouany, 2007 ; Sabater-Vilar et al, 2007 ). Various FA have been promoted for enzymatic deactivation, detoxification, and immune support as primary modes of action for mitigating deleterious effects of DON in swine production ( Karlovsky, 2011 ; Patience et al, 2014 ; Bich et al, 2015a ; Frobose et al, 2015 ; 2017 ; Tso et al, 2019 ). However, the empirical data is less convincing.…”

Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:

“…It can be degraded back to DON under physiological conditions as it has been put in evidence in the urinary balance experiment carried out by Frobose (Frobose et al, 2017). It can be degraded back to DON under physiological conditions as it has been put in evidence in the urinary balance experiment carried out by Frobose (Frobose et al, 2017).…”