Effects of Protein-Iron Complex Concentrate Supplementation on Iron Metabolism, Oxidative and Immune Status in Preweaning Calves

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding protein-iron complex (PIC) on productive performance and indicators of iron metabolism, hematology parameters, antioxidant and immune status during first 35 days of a calf’s life. Preparation of the complex involved enzymatic hydrolysis of milk casein (serine protease from Yarrowia lipolytica yeast). Iron chloride was then added to the hydrolyzate and lyophilizate. Calves were divided into treated groups: LFe (low iron dose) 10 g/day calf of protein-iron complex, HFe (height iron dose) 20 g/day calf, and control group. Dietary supplements containing the lower dose of concentrate had a significant positive effect on iron metabolism, while the higher dose of concentrate resulted in increase of total iron binding capacity (TIBC), saturation of transferrin and decrease of and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), which suggest iron overload. Additionally, treatment with the lower dose of iron remarkably increased the antioxidant parameters, mainly total antioxidant (TAS) and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx). Higher doses of PIC were related to lower total antioxidant status. IgG, IgM, insulin, glucose, TNFα and IGF-1 concentration did not change significantly in either group after supplementation. In practice, the use of protein-iron complex concentrate requires taking into account the iron content in milk replacers and other feedstuffs.

Effects of n-3 fatty acids on growth, antioxidant status, and immunity of preweaned dairy calves

“…According to Tanaka et al (2014), IL-6 might have multiple functions, stimulating inflammatory conditions and inhibiting TNF-α production (Tokarz-Deptuła et al, 2011). The influence of food on TNF-α levels is, to some extent, confirmed by other studies (Hulbert et al, 2011;Kupczyński et al, 2017).…”

“…The first weeks of a calf's life particularly have a key effect on its future performance and on production cost-effectiveness (Bateman et al, 2012;Garcia et al, 2016). Calf milk replacers (MR) tend to include various additives, such as protein-iron complex, butyrates, canola, linseed, and fish oil (Fokkink et al, 2009;Górka et al 2011a;Hill et al, 2011;Kupczyński et al, 2017). The use of additives, especially those rich in PUFA, affects not only BW gain but also immune responses, antioxidant status, and overall metabolism (Calder et al, 2002;Hill et al, 2011;Karcher et al, 2014;Garcia et al, 2015).…”

Optimization of spray-drying conditions for the preparation of whey protein concentrate–iron complex using response surface methodology

“…Iron was complexed with different proteins in the previous studies [3,[19][20][21] and used for application in different foods. In the present study, iron was complexed with WPC employing the process of centrifugation and UF.…”

Disorders of the Reproductive Health of Cattle as a Response to Exposure to Toxic Metals

“…Moreover, it was noted that the cooper easily binds to proteins and the excess of this metal may cause the effect of growth retardation, bone diseases, anaemia, teratogenesis or even Wilson's disease or idiopathic copper toxicosis [59]. Kupczyński et al (2017) [60] found that the high levels of microelements in the nutrition of ruminants may cause their bioaccumulation and toxic effects in the organism. It has also been reported that copper contributes significantly to the reduction of nutrient digestibility, lipid peroxidation, and causing oxidative stress in animals [60], which is greatly significant for animal welfare and for the quality of animal products [61].…”

“…Kupczyński et al (2017) [60] found that the high levels of microelements in the nutrition of ruminants may cause their bioaccumulation and toxic effects in the organism. It has also been reported that copper contributes significantly to the reduction of nutrient digestibility, lipid peroxidation, and causing oxidative stress in animals [60], which is greatly significant for animal welfare and for the quality of animal products [61]. It is also worth noting the fact that the copper deficiency in the organism may cause metabolic and immune disorders in humans and animals, which was confirmed by Harada et al (2020) [62].…”