Effects of the marine toxins okadaic acid and palytoxin on mussel phagocytosis

Proteomic profile in Perna viridis after exposed to Prorocentrum lima, a dinoflagellate producing DSP toxins

“…However, to date only limited data are available about the effects on bivalves, and the vast majority of them concern physiological aspects (Carvalho Pinto-Silva et al, 2003;Pinto-Silva et al, 2005;Manfrin et al, 2012;Prado-Alvarez et al, 2013;Prego-Faraldo et al, 2013). Quite few studies have conducted the molecular effects of OA, and the information currently available is woefully insufficient due to the still limited genetic knowledge of the bivalves (Malagoli et al, 2008;Fl orez-Barr os et al, 2011;Manfrin et al, 2012;Prado-Alvarez et al, 2012;Prego-Faraldo et al, 2013). Manfrin et al (2010) for the first time identified several candidate transcripts in Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as OA-stress markers over 35 days of exposure by cDNA microarray.…”

Characterization of subpopulations and immune-related parameters of hemocytes in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis

“…In bivalve molluscs, physiological responses to environmental, biological and disease stresses are mediated, at least partially, by hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph [2]. Hemocytes perform various crucial immune functions, e.g., killing potential pathogens and phagocytosis of foreign materials [3]. Phagocytosis is also associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intermediate compounds with high bactericidal activity [4].…”

Characterisation of Mytilus edulis hemocyte subpopulations by single cell time-lapse motility imaging

“…The cells principally involved are collectively called hemocytes, among the tremendous diversity of living invertebrates [3]. In bivalve molluscs, as in other invertebrates, hemocytes are circulating and also sessile cells which perform a number of crucial immune functions [4] including secretion of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins or mytilins [5,6], production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species [7e10], release of zymogens of the prophenoloxidase cascade [11], phagocytosis [12,13] and also probably wound healing. In these animals, characterized by both an open vascular system and the absence of adaptative immune cells capable of memory and clonal expansion, fast tissue infiltration by migration of hemocytes from hemolymph to sites of infection is determinant to deliver, in situ, an effective immune response.…”