Effects of weather and river flow on cryptosporidiosis

Lake, Iain R.; Bentham, Graham; Kovats, RS; Nichols, Gordon

doi:10.2166/wh.2005.048

Cited by 67 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…An outbreak of giardiasis in Montana (USA) was related to excess rainfall [39]. Cryptosporidiosis cases in England and Wales were positively associated with maximum river flow [45]. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Campylobacter jejuni were responsible for a waterborne outbreak, causing 7 deaths, 65 hospitalization and more than 2300 cases of gastrointestinal illness in the Canadian town of Walkerton [46].…”

Section: Heavy Rainfall and Floodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of climate change on waterborne diseases

Funari

Manganelli

Sinisi

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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Abstract. Change in climate and water cycle will challenge water availability but it will also increase the exposure to unsafe water. Floods, droughts, heavy storms, changes in rain pattern, increase of temperature and sea level, they all show an increasing trend worldwide and will affect biological, physical and chemical components of water through different paths thus enhancing the risk of waterborne diseases. This paper is intended, through reviewing the available literature, to highlight environmental changes and critical situations caused by floods, drought and warmer temperature that will lead to an increase of exposure to water related pathogens, chemical hazards and cyanotoxins. The final aim is provide knowledge-based elements for more focused adaptation measures.Key words: climate change, waterborne diseases, microbial pathogens, chemical contaminants, toxic cyanobacteria.Riassunto (Effetto dei cambiamenti climatici sulle malattie trasmesse dall'acqua). I cambiamenti climatici e del ciclo idrologico metteranno a rischio la disponibilità d'acqua e aumenteranno l'esposizione ad acqua contaminata. Le alluvioni, le siccità, le grandi tempeste, le variazioni nella frequenza ed intensità delle piogge, il riscaldamento e l'aumento del livello del mare crescono in ogni parte del mondo e influenzeranno le caratteristiche biologiche e chimico-fisiche dell'acqua attraverso diversi meccanismi, con il conseguente aumento del rischio di malattie trasmesse dall'acqua. L'analisi della letteratura disponibile, presentata in questo articolo, evidenzia i cambiamenti ambientali e le situazioni critiche causate da alluvioni, siccità e crescente riscaldamento che causeranno un aumento di esposizione a patogeni, inquinanti chimici e cianotossine, legati all'acqua. Lo scopo è di fornire gli elementi scientifici di base per misure di adattamento mirate.Parole chiave: cambiamenti climatici, malattie trasmesse dall'acqua, microrganismi patogeni, contaminanti chimici, cianobatteri tossici.

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Section: Heavy Rainfall and Floodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of climate change on waterborne diseases

Funari

Manganelli

Sinisi

2012

Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanità

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“…High levels of rainfall onto saturated soil could plausibly facilitate the transfer of Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal manure into surface water (Lake et al 2005;Thurston-Enriquez et al 2005).…”

Section: One Of the Main Routes Of Transmission Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sewage overflow during high levels of rainfall could also lead to Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts contaminating water used for recreation or drinking (Lake et al 2005). In several studies rainfall has been found to be positively correlated with the concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts in surface and runoff water (Atherholt et al 1998;Thurston-Enriquez et al 2005;Arnone & Walling 2006;Miller et al 2007).…”

Section: One Of the Main Routes Of Transmission Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of climate variability and change on cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis rates in New Zealand

Britton¹,

Hales

Venugopal

et al. 2010

Journal of Water and Health

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Main results:Giardiasis: There was a positive association between rainfall and giardiasis and between temperature and giardiasis.Cryptosporidiosis: There was a positive association between rainfall and cryptosporidiosis and a negative association between temperature and cryptosporidiosis. The effect of rainfall was modified by the quality of the domestic water supply.Conclusions: These findings suggest that climate variability affects protozoan disease rates in New Zealand. However, predicting the effect of climate change from this study is difficult, as these results suggest that the projected increases in temperature and rainfall may have opposing effects on cryptosporidiosis rates. Nevertheless, water supply quality appeared to modify the impact of increased rainfall on cryptosporidiosis rates. This finding suggests that improving water supply quality in New Zealand could reduce vulnerability to the impact of climate change on protozoan diseases.

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“…Heavy precipitation has been linked to a number of drinking-water outbreaks of Cryptosporidium (a pathogen causing a diarrhoeal illness) in Europe, due to spores infiltrating drinking water reservoirs from springs and lakes and persisting in the water distribution system (Lake et al, 2005;Semenza and Nichols, 2007). In Germany, bacteriological and parasitic parameters spiked considerably during extreme runoff events (Kistemann et al, 2002).…”

Section: Past Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%