Egg mortality of the brown planthopper,<i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>(Homoptera: Delphacidae) and green leafhoppers,<i>Nephotettix</i>spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), on rice in Sri Lanka

Fowler, Simon V.; Claridge, M. F.; Morgan, John C.; Peries, I. D. R.; Nugaliyadde, L.

doi:10.1017/s0007485300051233

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Over the course of this census, parasitism within a patch very rarely reached 100% (<0.2% of patches) and averaged only 16.4% (see also Cronin 2003b). Whereas a number of Anagrus species play an important role in the suppression of agricultural pests (e.g., Meyerdirk and Moratorio 1987;Fowler et al 1991;Williams and Martinson 2000), Anagrus-driven extinctions of hosts at the level of natural patches has not been reported. However, there are several studies with insect parasitoids that have linked local host extinctions with increasing rates of parasitism.…”

Section: P Crocea Turnover Among Patchesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Host-parasitoid extinction and colonization in a fragmented prairie landscape

Cronin

2004

Oecologia

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Few field studies of natural populations have examined the factors influencing local extinctions and colonization of empty habitat patches for a prey species and its predator. In this study, I carried out a census of planthopper (Prokelisia crocea; Hemiptera: Delphacidae) and egg parasitoid (Anagrus columbi; Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) incidence and densities in 147 host-plant patches (Spartina pectinata; Poaceae) over seven planthopper generations in a tall-grass prairie landscape. For both species, the likelihood of going extinct in a patch was related to a number of patch-specific variables: density, temporal variability in density, proportion of hosts parasitized (planthopper only), host-plant density, patch size, patch isolation, and composition of the surrounding matrix. Colonization likelihood was related only to the physical attributes of the patch. There was high patch turnover in this prairie landscape. On average, planthoppers went extinct in 23% of the patches and A. columbi went extinct in 51% of the patches in each generation. For the planthopper, extinction likelihood increased with a decrease in patch size and the proportion of the matrix composed of mudflat. Parasitism of eggs had no effect on the extinction likelihood of local P. crocea populations, suggesting that A. columbi may not play a major role in the patch dynamics of its host. The likelihood of extinction for A. columbi was dependent on factors that spanned three trophic levels. An increase in plant density, decrease in host density and decrease in parasitoid density all increased the likelihood of A. columbi extinction within a patch. The dependency on multiple trophic levels may explain the higher extinction risk for the parasitoid than its host. A. columbi extinction was also affected by the matrix habitat surrounding the patch--the effect was the opposite of that for P. crocea. Finally, vacant patches were colonized at rates of 53% and 34% per generation for the planthopper and parasitoid, respectively. For both species, colonization probabilities decreased with an increase in patch isolation. High host densities in a patch also favored high rates of colonization by A. columbi. I discuss how anthropogenic changes to the prairie landscape can affect the metapopulation dynamics and persistence time of this host-parasitoid interaction.

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Section: P Crocea Turnover Among Patchesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Host-parasitoid extinction and colonization in a fragmented prairie landscape

Cronin

2004

Oecologia

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“…Other parameter values are given in Table 3 BPH Experiment, γ = 2 γ = 2 γ = 2 γ = 2 γ = 2 γ = 2 (Driessen & Bernstein, 1999;Vet, Dicke, & Wäckers, 1990). Some being more effective during periods with high prey density, while being outcompeted by other species when prey levels decrease (Fowler et al, 1991;Wang, Jennings, & Duan, 2015). This leads to a system where pest control is the most effective when different species are present to successfully regulate fluctuating levels of pest density.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and Gonatocerus spp. predominantly attack GLH eggs (also observed by Fowler, Claridge, Morgan, Peries, & Nugaliyadde, 1991), although in both cases there is some success on the less-preferred host (Sann et al, 2018). Furthermore, the large number of missing hopper eggs suggests there is also an egg predator present, possibly the predatory bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Miridae) Heong, Bleih, and Lazaro, (1990); Reyes and Gabriel, (1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Quantifying parasitoid and predator controls on rice hopper eggs using a dynamic stage‐structured model and field data

Kettle

Sann

Marion

2019

Journal of Applied Ecology

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1. Rice hoppers can cause devastation to rice crops in SE Asia via disease spread and direct feeding. Current regulation is through pesticides; however, a more sustainable approach is to use the natural enemies of the hoppers. Here, we show how the combination of a process-based model and field data can give insights into natural pest control, beyond those obtained through direct analysis of the field data.2. We use a stage-structured host-parasitoid model based on time-delay ordinary differential equations (using the r package "stagePop"; Kettle & Nutter, 2015;Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6:1484-1490) to investigate the interactions of four parasitoid genera and an egg predator on the eggs of two hopper hosts: the brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)) and the green leaf hopper (Nephottetix spp.).3. Model parameters are derived from 62 (×3) datasets from experiments in the Philippines. In these experiments, hopper eggs on rice plants were exposed in the field for 3 days and then taken back to the laboratory. The number of emerging hopper nymphs and parasitoid adults were then recorded. Single-host and mixed host experiments were performed. 4. The field data are not sufficient to fully constrain the model parameters so our results are given in terms of the value of an unknown parameter (γ; the number of hopper eggs killed per successful parasitism) which may be ascertained via future experiments. Synthesis and applications.Our model experiments suggest that although parasitoids are most likely the main control on hopper egg abundance, and despite the fact that the egg predator also consumes parasitoid eggs, the two-enemy system (parasitoids and predators) is more effective at hopper egg control than if either enemy is present alone. Our results provide evidence in support of ecological engineering approaches that promote both parasitoids and egg predators.

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“…A. nilaparvatae parasitizing ability may reach 38.21% when N. lugens lived in rice plants, 64.09% in grasses (Atmadja & Kartohardjono, 1990), and decreased at the end of rice plants (66 Days After Planting, DAP) to 1.12−8.51% (Haryati et al, 2017). In Malaysia, parasitism rate of N. lugens eggs by A. nilaparvatae could reach 68% (Watanabe et al, 1992), while in Sri Lanka could be as high as 54% (Fowler et al, 1991). In Japan, parasistism rate of N. lugens eggs by Anagrus flaveolus Waterhouse was 67% (Otake, 1970), and 40−60% by A. nilaparvatae (Liu et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Turnera subulata and Cosmos sulphureus Flowers in the Life of Anagrus nilaparvatae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

Sugiharti

Trisyono

Martono

et al. 2018

JPTI

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Anagrus nilaparvatae is a potential egg parasitoid to control the rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) The parasitoid needs to consume suitable food to maximize its biotic potential and parasitizing ability. This study was aimed to determine the benefits provided by the presence of Turnera subulata and Cosmos sulphureus flowers on the life of A. nilaparvatae. This study consisted of two experiments. The first experiment was designed to determine the effects of the tested flowers on the parasitism and hatching rate of A. nilaparvatae on N. lugens eggs. The flowers were set inside the rearing cage of parasitoid in the presence of N. lugens eggs in Ciherang rice seedlings. In addition, honey and the control (no feed added) were included into the treatments, totalling of four treatments. The parasitism rate of A. nilaparvatae fed with the flowers or honey was similar to those unfed. However, the hatching rate of A. nilaparvatae was much higher on those fed with flower or honey than those unfed. The number of A. nilaparvatae unable to eclose from eggs of N. lugens for the unfed parasitoid was 37.4% in comparison with 8.19 to 15.67% for those fed with flower or honey. The second experiment was a follow-up to address the question on the fitness of progeny of A. nilaparvatae fed with the tested flowers. The flowers and honey did not increase the longevity of A. nilaparvatae progeny. However, A. nilaparvatae fed with flowers or honey produced progeny that resulted in higher number of offspring compared to those unfed. C. sulphureus flower significantly increased the number of offspring produced by A. nilaparvatae. This suggest that the diet of the parental parasitoid determines the fitness of the progeny. Improving the hatching rate and the fecundity of progeny produced by the adults of A. nilaparvatae fed with the flower of T. subulata and C. sulphureus would contribute to the increasing population of this parasitoid which could lead to a better control of N. lugens in the rice field.

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Egg mortality of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Homoptera: Delphacidae) and green leafhoppers,Nephotettixspp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), on rice in Sri Lanka

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Host-parasitoid extinction and colonization in a fragmented prairie landscape

Host-parasitoid extinction and colonization in a fragmented prairie landscape

Quantifying parasitoid and predator controls on rice hopper eggs using a dynamic stage‐structured model and field data

The Role of Turnera subulata and Cosmos sulphureus Flowers in the Life of Anagrus nilaparvatae (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

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