Electrical and chemical stimulation of the nucleus raphe magnus inhibits induction of retching by afferent vagal fibers

Urayama, Yukiko; Yamada, Yuko; Nakamura, Emi; Koga, Tomoshige; Fukuda, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2009.08.022

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

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“…After integrating the central and peripheral signals relating to emesis or other GI activity, inhibitory GABAergic and excitatory glutamatergic primary NTS neurons project to neurons in the DMNX and to the central pattern generator area (CPG) [40,50]. The DMNX also receives afferents from vagal nodose ganglion neurons, and sends efferents to the enteric nervous system (ENS), as well as to the emetic CPG postulated to be dorsomedial to the nucleus ambiguus and retrofacial nucleus which coordinate peristaltic activity and its reversal during emesis [51,52,53,54]. Electrophysiological findings suggest that vagal afferents innervate the DVC, while axonal branches of these afferents then turn ventrolaterally to innervate the CPG [54].…”

Section: Cinv Emetic Circuitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Broad-Spectrum Antiemetic Efficacy of Cannabinoids against Chemotherapy-Induced Acute and Delayed Vomiting

Darmani

2010

Pharmaceuticals

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Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a complex pathophysiological condition and consists of two phases. The conventional CINV neurotransmitter hypothesis suggests that the immediate phase is mainly due to release of serotonin (5-HT) from the enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), while the delayed phase is a consequence of release of substance P (SP) in the brainstem. However, more recent findings argue against this simplistic neurotransmitter and anatomical view of CINV. Revision of the hypothesis advocates a more complex, differential and overlapping involvement of several emetic neurotransmitters/modulators (e.g. dopamine, serotonin, substance P, prostaglandins and related arachidonic acid derived metabolites) in both phases of emesis occurring concomitantly in the brainstem and in the GIT enteric nervous system (ENS) [1]. No single antiemetic is currently available to completely prevent both phases of CINV. The standard antiemetic regimens include a 5-HT3 antagonist plus dexamethasone for the prevention of acute emetic phase, combined with an NK1 receptor antagonist (e.g. aprepitant) for the delayed phase. Although NK1 antagonists behave in animals as broad-spectrum antiemetics against different emetogens including cisplatin-induced acute and delayed vomiting, by themselves they are not very effective against CINV in cancer patients. Cannabinoids such as Δ9-THC also behave as broad-spectrum antiemetics against diverse emetic stimuli as well as being effective against both phases of CINV in animals and patients. Potential side effects may limit the clinical utility of direct-acting cannabinoid agonists which could be avoided by the use of corresponding indirect-acting agonists. Cannabinoids (both phyto-derived and synthetic) behave as agonist antiemetics via the activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in both the brainstem and the ENS emetic loci. An endocannabinoid antiemetic tone may exist since inverse CB1 agonists (but not the corresponding silent antagonists) cause nausea and vomiting.

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