Electrochemical Deposition of Fe–Co–Ni Samples with Different Co Contents and Characterization of Their Microstructural and Magnetic Properties

Abstract

In this study, to explore the effect of Co contents on the electroplated Fe–Co–Ni samples, three different Fe–Co33–Ni62, Fe–Co43–Ni53, and Fe–Co61–Ni36 samples were electrochemically grown from Plating Solutions (PSs) containing different amounts of Co ions on indium tin oxide substrates. Compositional analysis showed that an increase in the Co ion concentration in the PS gives rise to an increment in the weight fraction of Co in the sample. In all samples, the co–deposition characteristic was described as anomalous. The samples exhibited a predominant reflection from the (111) plane of the face–centered cubic structure. However, the Fe–Co61–Ni36 sample also had a weak reflection from the (100) plane of the hexagonal close–packed structure of Co. An enhancement in the Co contents caused a strong decrement in the crystallinity, resulting in a decrease in the size of the crystallites. The Fe–Co33–Ni62 sample exhibited a more compact surface structure comprising only cauliflower–like agglomerates, while the Fe–Co43–Ni53 and Fe–Co61–Ni36 samples had a surface structure consisting of both pyramidal particles and cauliflower–like agglomerates. The results also revealed that different Co contents play an important role in the surface roughness parameters. From the magnetic analysis of the samples, it was understood that the Fe–Co61–Ni36 sample has a higher coercive field and magnetic squareness ratio than the Fe–Co43–Ni53 and Fe–Co33–Ni62 samples. The differences observed in the magnetic characteristics of the samples were attributed to the changes revealed in their phase structure and surface roughness parameters. The obtained results are the basis for the fabrication of future magnetic devices.

Electrolyte pH dependence of composition, roughness parameters, particle diameter and magnetic features of nanostructured Fe‐Co‐Ni/ITO deposits prepared by electrochemical deposition method

“…This confirms the formation of abnormal co‐deposition. Moreover, the CRV Ni parameter is the lowest among them, indicating that the reduction rates of Fe 2+ and Co 2+ are higher compared to the Ni 2+ reduction rate 21,22,34 . This phenomenon is also true for the deposits produced at high electrolyte pH values (4.7 and 3.9).…”

“…This type of IP M-H loop has also been reported in recent studies for binary and ternary magnetic materials produced by the ECD and mechanical synthesis methods. 16,17,21,22,57,58 Table 2 also demonstrates that lowering the electrolyte pH causes an increase in the coercive field. The coercive field increases slightly from 29.4 Oe to 33.2 Oe as the pH of the electrolyte decreases from 4.7 to 3.9, and then increases sharply from 33.2 Oe to 41.3 Oe when the pH of the electrolyte drops from 3.9 to 3.2.…”

“…Electrochemical deposition (ECD) method, which is one of the most effective and most preferred synthesis methods, is widely used for this purpose due to its many well-known superior features. 16,17,21 Recently, we have investigated the effects of pretreatment current density, 21 deposit composition 16,22 and synthesis potential 23 on the ferromagnetic ternary thin film samples grown by ECD method. These experimental studies have indicated that the plating conditions and deposit composition considerably affect the characteristic features of the ferromagnetic ternary thin films.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Polypyrrole Film Doped with Both Molybdate and Salicylate and Its Application in the Corrosion Protection for Low Carbon Steel

“…Nowadays, metals, alloys in general and low carbon steel (LCS) in particular, are the most common material widely used in all areas of economic and social life. Metals such as Ni, 1 , 2 Fe, 3 − 5 Al, 6 , 7 and Ag; 8 alloys such as FeCoNi, 9 CuAu, 10 Fe 2 O 3 , 11 AgAu, 12 FeC, 13 AlNi, 14 AuCu, 15 NiCu, 16 − 18 and NiFe; 19 , 20 nonmetallic polymers; 21 , 22 and polymer–metals 23 have good properties such as durability, fire protection, and good electrical conductivity. When metal or nonmetallic dopants are introduced into polymers, their conductivity increases.…”

“…Nowadays, metals, alloys in general and low carbon steel (LCS) in particular, are the most common material widely used in all areas of economic and social life. Metals such as Ni, , Fe, − Al, , and Ag; alloys such as FeCoNi, CuAu, Fe 2 O 3 , AgAu, FeC, AlNi, AuCu, NiCu, − and NiFe; , nonmetallic polymers; , and polymer–metals have good properties such as durability, fire protection, and good electrical conductivity. When metal or nonmetallic dopants are introduced into polymers, their conductivity increases. − Their highest disadvantage is that they can oxidize or corrode when they are exposed to the environment as microbial corrosion in petroleum and industrial wastewater, , the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, and the methanol extract from marine algae inhibit the corrosion ability of steel in sodium chloride medium .…”