Electrodeposition of Alloys and Compounds in the Era of Microelectronics and Energy Conversion Technology

Zangari, Giovanni

doi:10.3390/coatings5020195

Cited by 96 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 78 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Finally, while very low, the possibility for the incorporation of mediator into the deposit cannot be completely ruled out. Indeed, for many systems of growing metal and surfactant mediator with significant negative free energy of mixing, DG mix , an alloy deposition instead of surfactant mediated growth is observed [15]. In that case, instead of floating on the surface of the depositing metal the surfactant mixes with the depositing atoms thus enabling the deposition of new portion of surfactant atoms along with the atoms of the growing metal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Recent Advances in the Growth of Metals, Alloys, and Multilayers by Surface Limited Redox Replacement (SLRR) Based Approaches

Dimitrov

2016

Electrochimica Acta

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A B S T R A C TIn the realm of ever increasing importance of nanotechnology, the deposition of ultrathin metal/alloy layers with perfect structure and unique functionality becomes an objective of paramount importance. In the last decade many research groups have been working on the development and application of a new method for epitaxial thin film growth that employs a surface limited redox replacement (SLRR) as a building block reaction. The multiple repetition of this reaction enables the controlled deposition of a monolayer of metal or alloy per cycle. Work in the field has been done on the development of SLRR deposition protocols along with understanding and modelling of the SLRR reaction kinetics, on comparative studies of SLRR based routines, and on other deposition approaches. Most recently, the development of SLRR was extended to the application of all-electroless approaches for carrying out the SLRR (ESLRR). In this paper an overview of all SLRR, ESLRR and related approaches is presented. The description of the background and reaction formalism introduces the method with emphasis on its general applicability and limitations. The discussion then continues with the description of experimental approaches for carrying out a deposition process by SLRR. In this section specific consideration is given to the deposition by shuttling of the working electrode, the flow-cell configuration, the one-cell configuration, and the all-electroless approaches for realizing the repetitive application of a single-cycle SLRR reaction. Next, the ability of these approaches to produce epitaxial, flat and uniform deposits will be discussed through results of electrochemical, in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and other characterization experiments showing advantages and limitations of SLRR growth in a variety of systems classified into three categories. In the first of these categories Cu, Ag, and Au are used as model systems to introduce the deposition by SLRR. In the second category Pd and Ru deposition by SLRR has been discussed. In the third category all studies concerning a variety of scenarios for Pt deposition by SLRR are presented and in the last part of that section deposition of alloys and multilayers is critically discussed. The paper then continues with a section presenting and discussing modelling approaches of studying the kinetics of a single-cycle SLRR reaction and concludes with the presentation of the extension of modelling to a system where multi-cycle SLRR deposition processes have been investigated. The analysis in this part focuses on the kinetic parameters of the replacement reaction like rate constant, order of the reaction, type of adsorption behavior of the sacrificial metal etc. Finally, this section concludes with a discussion of the mechanistic aspects of the SLRR reaction and more specifically on the factors impacting the deposition process and in turn the resulting structure, morphology, uniformity and continuity of the accordingly grown thin films. The paper a...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Recent Advances in the Growth of Metals, Alloys, and Multilayers by Surface Limited Redox Replacement (SLRR) Based Approaches

Dimitrov

2016

Electrochimica Acta

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“…[32] 3.4 Three-dimensional Elemental Imaging of Bronze Alloys Alloys are used in various fields of research, ranging from applications within the microchip industry to technologies for energy conversion. [51][52][53][54][55] Most recent measurements using the LMS instrument were conducted on Cu-Pb-Sn alloys containing different abundances of these three major elements. Mass spectrometric measurements with a lateral and vertical resolution within the micrometre and sub-micrometre regime, respectively, were conducted to provide a 3D chemical record of the elemental distribution of Cu, Sn, and Pb within the alloys.…”

Section: Chemical Analysis With Subnanometre Vertical Resolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Ablation/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry: Sensitive and Quantitative Chemical Depth Profiling of Solid Materials

Riedo¹,

Grimaudo

Moreno‐García

et al. 2016

Chimia

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Direct quantitative and sensitive chemical analysis of solid materials with high spatial resolution, both in lateral and vertical direction is of high importance in various fields of analytical research, ranging from in situ space research to the semiconductor industry. Accurate knowledge of the chemical composition of solid materials allows a better understanding of physical and chemical processes that formed/altered the material and allows e.g. to further improve these processes. So far, state-of-the-art techniques such as SIMS, LA-ICP-MS or GD-MS have been applied for chemical analyses in these fields of research. In this report we review the current measurement capability and the applicability of our Laser Ablation/Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (instrument name LMS) for the chemical analysis of solids with high spatial resolution. The most recent chemical analyses conducted on various solid materials, including e.g. alloys, fossils and meteorites are discussed.

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“…There are still many other metals that can be electrodeposited and which are used for several applications (e.g., iridium, iron, cobalt, manganese, indium, thallium, bismuth, etc.). However, these metals are generally used in alloys with other metals to improve both their decorative and technical characteristics, rather than being used individually [13].…”

Section: Other Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additive processes include deposition methods, such as physical vapor deposition [5][6][7], laser technology [8], thermal spray [9,10] and electrochemical deposition [11][12][13], to name a few. Among them, galvanic electrodeposition is scientifically recognized as a mature technology and one of the most effective, as well as low-cost, in industrial sectors worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroplating for Decorative Applications: Recent Trends in Research and Development

et al. 2018

Self Cite

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Electroplating processes are widely employed in industrial environments for a large variety of metallic coatings, ranging from technological to decorative applications. Even if the galvanic electrodeposition is certainly a mature technology, new concepts, novel applications, environmental legislation and the new material requirements for next-generation devices make the scientific research in this field still very active. This review focuses mostly at the decorative and wearable applications, and aims to create a bridge between the past knowledge and the future direction that this process, i.e., electrodeposition, is taking. Both the theoretical fundamentals as well as some of the most widespread practical applications-limited to metallic and alloy coatings-are explored. As an integral part of the industrial process, we take a look at the main techniques thought which the quality control of deposits and surfaces is carried out. Finally, global industrial performance and research directions towards sustainable solutions are highlighted.

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Electrodeposition of Alloys and Compounds in the Era of Microelectronics and Energy Conversion Technology

Cited by 96 publications

References 78 publications

Recent Advances in the Growth of Metals, Alloys, and Multilayers by Surface Limited Redox Replacement (SLRR) Based Approaches

Recent Advances in the Growth of Metals, Alloys, and Multilayers by Surface Limited Redox Replacement (SLRR) Based Approaches

Laser Ablation/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry: Sensitive and Quantitative Chemical Depth Profiling of Solid Materials

Electroplating for Decorative Applications: Recent Trends in Research and Development

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