Electrolytes and Blood Gases

Scott, Mitchell G.; LeGrys, Vicky A.; Hood, Joshua L.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6164-9.00028-7

Cited by 50 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Our data support that hyponatremia appears to be marker of underlying disease which carries poor prognosis and association of hyponatremia with outcome was probably not directly related. 6,10,12,19,33 In the present study mortality of patients with cardiac failure/shock was 33.3% which was comparable to the study done by Clayton et al 12 which was 29.6%, while Rawal JR et al 33 in their study of hyponatremia in heart failure patients, reported very high mortality rate (57.14%). The probable reason was that they studied mortality in patients with very low serum sodium concentration (Sr. Na< 105 mmol/L).…”

Section: Examples Aresupporting

confidence: 79%

“…These features include inappropriately raised urine osmolality and natriuresis; Clayton et al 12 reported that the diagnosis of SIADH was often presumptive and practicing clinicians did not observe all stringent criteria required to make definitive diagnosis.…”

Section: Examples Arementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies report mortality of 9 -30%. 12,15 There is no statistical difference between the serum sodium of those who survived and those who died. (p= 0.715); those who succumbed had severe sepsis, congestive heart failure and other conditions like malignancies, liver cirrhosis.…”

Section: Examples Arementioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Serum osmolality = [2 × (P Na + P K)] + (PBUN / 2.8) + (P Glucose/18) PNa= plasma sodium, PK= plasma potassium, PBUN= plasma BUN level (Glucose in mg/dl, BUN in mg/dl).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinico-etiological profile and outcome of hyponatremia in hospitalised adult patients

Baji¹,

Borkar²

2015

Int J Sci Rep

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Background: Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalised patients. Incidence varies from 1% to 40%. It is common in the elderly, mainly owing to impaired water and electrolyte balance in response to diet, drugs and environmental changes. This study is to evaluate clinical features, aetiologies and outcome in patients with hyponatremia (Sr. Na <120 mmol/L at the time of admission).Methods: An observational study was conducted in 76 patients admitted in Kamalnayan Bajaj Hospital, Aurangabad from August 2013 to August 2014. All patients having their serum sodium concentration less than 120 mmol/L were included in the study. History, examination and relevant details were taken. Outcome was noted. Student’s t-test, chi square test and Fisher’s exact test were applied for statistical analysis.Results: In the present study, mean age of the patients was 59.4% years. 43% patients were euvolemic, 38% hypervolemic and 19% hypovolemic. Nausea (54%) was most common gastrointestinal while drowsiness (42%) was the most common neurological symptom. Etiology of hyponatremia was multifactorial in 76% cases. Use of diuretics (53%) was the most common etiological factor. SIADH was suspected in nine patients. Mortality was 21%. Most common comorbid conditions were hypertension (51%) and diabetes mellitus (42%).Conclusions: Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalised patients. There is an increasing tendency for it to occur with increasing age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and use of drugs (diuretics). Nausea, vomiting and drowsiness are the commonest symptoms. Mortality is high, though not directly related to serum sodium levels. Hyponatremia acts as a poor prognostic marker of primary disease.

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Section: Examples Aresupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Examples Arementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Examples Arementioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Serum osmolality = [2 × (P Na + P K)] + (PBUN / 2.8) + (P Glucose/18) PNa= plasma sodium, PK= plasma potassium, PBUN= plasma BUN level (Glucose in mg/dl, BUN in mg/dl).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinico-etiological profile and outcome of hyponatremia in hospitalised adult patients

Baji¹,

Borkar²

2015

Int J Sci Rep

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“…1 Plasma potassium concentrations are strongly affected by hemolysis owing to the more than 20-fold difference between intracellular and extracellular potassium levels. 2 Consequently, spuriously elevated potassium concentrations caused by in vitro hemolysis can lead to misdiagnosis of hypokalemia and overdiagnosis of hyperkalemia, possibly resulting in serious errors in patient treatment.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium but Not Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevation Due To In Vitro Hemolysis Is Higher in Capillary Than in Venous Blood Samples

Oostendorp

Solinge

Kemperman

2012

Archives of Pathology &Amp; Laboratory Medicine

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N Context.-Elevated potassium concentrations due to in vitro hemolysis can lead to errors in diagnoses and treatment. Recently, we observed that potassium elevation in capillary samples appeared higher than expected, based on hemolytic index (H-index).Objective.-To investigate the relation between potassium increase and H-index for capillary samples. As a control, the same analysis was performed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).Design.-Potassium results of 332 760 venous and 2620 capillary samples were selected. For LDH, 135 974 venous and 999 capillary samples were included. Venous and capillary samples were differentiated by using patient age, as we perform mostly capillary blood sampling in children and venous sampling in adults. Results were obtained with Beckman-Coulter DxC800 analyzers.Results.-The increase in potassium with increasing Hindex was considerably higher for capillary samples than venous samples. Linear regression revealed a potassium increase of 0.38 mEq/L per increment in H-index for capillary samples, whereas a 0.17 mEq/L increase was found for venous samples. For LDH, no differences were found between venous and capillary samples.Conclusions.-At identical H-index, capillary samples showed higher potassium elevations than venous samples. A possible explanation is that capillary sampling causes increased leakage of ions, such as potassium, from erythrocytes, compared with proteins such as hemoglobin and LDH. These results are especially important considering the increasing use of whole blood point-of-care analyzers, where the H-index is often not determined. Potassium results should therefore be interpreted with caution to avoid severe misdiagnosis of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.

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A Disposable Planar Paper‐Based Potentiometric Ion‐Sensing Platform

Stein

Bühlmann

2016

Angewandte Chemie

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Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are widely used tools for fast and accurate ion sensing. Herein their design is simplified by embedding ap otentiometric cell into paper, complete with an ISE, areference electrode,and apaper-based microfluidic sample zone that offer the full function of ac onventional ISE setup.T he disposable planar paper-based ion-sensing platform is suitable for low-cost point-of-care and in-field testing applications.T he design is symmetrical and each interfacial potential within the cell is well defined and reproducible,s ot hat the response of the device can be theoretically predicted. Forademonstration of clinical applications,p aper-based Cl À and K + sensors are fabricated with highly reproducible and linear responses towards different concentrations of analyte ions in aqueous and biological samples.The single-use devices can be fabricated by ascalable method, do not need any pretreatment prior to use,a nd only require asample volume of 20 mL.Ion sensing is an important topic in various fields,s uch as clinical and environmental analysis.[1] As often introduced in general chemistry courses,s elective and quantitative ion sensing can be achieved with ap otentiometric cell that comprises an ion-selective electrode (ISE), ar eference electrode,and avoltmeter as areadout tool. It has been estimated that each year over ab illion measurements with ISEs are performed globally in clinical laboratories alone.[1a] Besides detection of analytes with low (for example,K + ,Na)and high valence charges (such as heparin), [2] biosensing of proteins [3] and detection of electrically neutral species have been achieved with ISEs. [4] With the growing demand for point-of-care and in-field testing,p aper has recently attracted much attention as as imple,a ffordable,f lexible,a nd scalable substrate for microfluidic assays.[5] Although paper-based colorimetric sensors offer the advantage of simple data interpretation, detection with electrochemical techniques is insensitive to color interferences and is generally more quantitative. [6] Existing paper-based ion sensors rely on various techniques, including potentiometry, [7] coulometry, [8] chronopotentiometry, [9] and colorimetry. [10] Paper was used in these devices either as am icrofluidic sampling tool or as as ubstrate to mechanically support the sensing components.S trip-type ISEs known as Ektachem slides were available in the 1980s, [11] and were recently adapted with ap aper substrate to support carbon nanotubes or conducting polymers as solid contacts.[7b,c] Although miniaturizable,t hese devices need cumbersome electrode conditioning and individual calibration. A more integrated device,reported by Whitesides et al.,utilizes ar eusable ISE membrane placed between two disposable wax-imprinted paper substrates.[7d] With different ISE membranes,v arious clinically relevant ions can be detected. However,t he ISE membranes have to be well conditioned, and the devices have to be carefully assembled and calibrated, which may impede their practical ...

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Electrolytes and Blood Gases

Cited by 50 publications

References 76 publications

Clinico-etiological profile and outcome of hyponatremia in hospitalised adult patients

Clinico-etiological profile and outcome of hyponatremia in hospitalised adult patients

Potassium but Not Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevation Due To In Vitro Hemolysis Is Higher in Capillary Than in Venous Blood Samples

A Disposable Planar Paper‐Based Potentiometric Ion‐Sensing Platform

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