Emergent bilingual grammar: The case of contrast

Maschler, Yael

doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(96)00085-9

Cited by 25 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Moreover, it is striking that more than half (51.9%) of all French markers are preceded and followed by Shaba Swahili material, which means that there is a switch before and after the marker and, hence, an optimal contrast between the marker and its environment (cf. Maschler, 1997 for Hebrew-English bilingual discourse).…”

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confidence: 99%

French discourse markers in Shaba Swahili conversations

Rooij

2000

International Journal of Bilingualism

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One of the most striking characteristics of Shaba Swahili/French conversations is the near-exclusive use of French discourse markers. It is shown that from a structural point of view, the use of French markers presents no serious problems. Of course, the mere structural possibility of switching French markers cannot explain their near- categorical use. This phenomenon is best explained by taking into account the function of discourse markers as elements that create and strengthen discourse cohesion and coherence. In order to accomplish this task, discourse markers have to be as salient as possible. In bilingual discourse, this saliency may be maximized by using discourse markers from the language that is most salient. Since the language of morpho-syntax in Shaba Swahili/French discourse is Shaba Swahili, French markers stand out more clearly and have a higher contrastive value than their Shaba Swahili counterparts. Hence, French discourse markers are used instead of their Shaba Swahili equivalents. The importance of increasing contrastiveness as a way of maximizing saliency is evident from the fact that French markers are predominantly accompanied by pauses and/or prosodic cues, and from the fact that they predominantly occur in all-Shaba Swahili contexts, that is, they are followed and preceded by Shaba Swahili material in the majority of cases.

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confidence: 99%

French discourse markers in Shaba Swahili conversations

Rooij

2000

International Journal of Bilingualism

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“…dimension to previous accounts of their bilingual linguistic behavior (Maschler, 1988(Maschler, , 1991(Maschler, , 1994a(Maschler, , b, 1995(Maschler, , 1997b(Maschler, , 1998b. Building on Hopper's notions of emergent grammar and grammaticization (1987Hopper & Traugott, 1993), I have written in the past about a bilingual grammar emerging in the talk of one of these bilinguals with respect to her employment of discourse markers (Maschler, 1997b).…”

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confidence: 57%

“…Building on Hopper's notions of emergent grammar and grammaticization (1987Hopper & Traugott, 1993), I have written in the past about a bilingual grammar emerging in the talk of one of these bilinguals with respect to her employment of discourse markers (Maschler, 1997b). The overarching questions for the present study are, whether and how this new, bilingual grammar continued to evolve over the years, and what can be learned from this about discourse markers and the path of grammaticization in the emergence of bilingual grammars.…”

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confidence: 99%

Toward fused lects: Discourse markers in Hebrew English bilingual conversation twelve years later

Maschler

2000

International Journal of Bilingualism

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Thisstudy is a detailed voyage into the bilingualism of two Israeli HebrewEnglish bilinguals. I compare their patterns of discourse marker employment at two points in their lifetime, twelve years apart. The study thus adds a diachronic dimension to previous accounts of their bilingual linguistic behavior. Maschler (1997b) describes two patterns concerning grammati cization of discourse markers into an emergent bilingual grammar in the speech of one of these bilinguals in the earlier corpus-(1) the separation in language of the discourse from its metalingual frame of discourse markers, and (2) the separation in language of discourse markers from conjunctions. Twelve yearslater,Ifindfurthergrammaticizationwith respecttothefirstpattern, and reduced grammaticization with respect to the second. Maschler (1998b) shows differential grammaticization of discourse markers according to the contextual realm (Becker,1988) in which they operate. Twelve years later, I find that cognitive and textual discourse markers show further grammaticization quantitatively, whereas interpersonal discourse markers show further grammaticization qualitatively. Another pattern found in Maschler (1997b) concerns competing motivations (Du Bois, 1985) for expressing contrast-structural contrast between discourse markers and conjunctions on the one hand, and referential contrast between contrasting propositions on the other. External motivations (expressing referential contrast) were shown to override internal motivations (those pertaining to the structure of the bilingual grammar). Twelve years later, this overriding is even more apparent. In this way, the movement towards fused lects (Auer, 1999) isnevercomplete, at least not in the course of the twelve years of this bilingual'slife.

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“…per esempio, oltre agli autori e alle opere già citati, Brody 1987, Salmons 1990, Maschler 1997, Oesch-Serra 1998, Matras 1998, Hlavac 2006, Pena 2011, ma risulta poco indagato in contesto italiano (con le eccezioni di Dal Negro 2005, Stolz 2007, Retaro 2010 5 ), nonostante la presenza sul territorio nazionale di numerose lingue di minoranza e dialetti che convivono da lungo tempo, in contatto con l'italiano e fra di loro 6 . In particolare, l'area di lingua ladina del Trentino Alto-Adige, oggetto precipuo della presente ricerca, risulta particolarmente adatta allo studio di questi fenomeni, grazie alle peculiarità che verranno analizzate al paragrafo 2.1.…”

Section: Cuadernos De Filología Italianaunclassified

“…Berretta 1984, Bazzanella 1985, a livello di discorso. Tale distinzione confermerebbe quanto rilevato da Maschler (1997), secondo cui la strategia della language alternation è in questo caso messa in atto dai parlanti anche per marcare il contrasto tra SD e connettivi; nei suoi dati, il connettivo inglese cause 'perché', che non costituisce un «conversational action boundary» (esempio 18a) e contrasta con l'equivalente ebraico ki 'perché' usato come segnale discorsivo (esempio 18b) (Maschler 1997: 292): (18) a. I really appreciated Lazar, cause Lazar came and took off all the làistim ('wooden bars').…”

Section: Forma Occorrenzeunclassified

Connessione e contatto. Connettivi italiani nel ladino fassano parlato

Fiorentini

2015

Cuad. Filol. Ital.

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RIASSUNTOIl presente contributo si propone di indagare una particolare situazione di contatto linguistico, quella dell'area di lingua ladina del Trentino-Alto Adige, per verificare in tale contesto la presenza e la distribuzione di segnali discorsivi e connettivi italiani. Sulla base di un corpus di parlato bilingue, s i rileverà come i parlanti ladini discernano tra il livello pragmatico e il livello semantico della connessione, impiegando nel primo caso forme italiane e nel secondo caso forme ladine. Infine, ci si soffermerà sui connettivi italiani perché e allora e sui loro corrispettivi ladini, ovvero percheche/ajache ed enlouta/donca.Parole chiave: connettivi, segnali discorsivi, contatto linguistico, perché, allora Connection and Contact. Italian Connectives in Spoken Fassano LadinABSTRACT This paper investigates a peculiar language contact situation, namely the Ladin area in Trentino-South Tyrol, in order to verify the presence and distribution of Italian discourse markers and connectives in a bilingual context. Based on a bilingual speech corpus, I will point out how Ladin speakers distinguishes between the pragmatic and semantic level of connection, using Italian forms in the first case and Ladin ones in the latter. In conclusion, I will focus on Italian connectives perché 'because' and allora 'then, therefore' and their equivalent Ladin forms, i.e. percheche/ajache and enlouta/donca.

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Emergent bilingual grammar: The case of contrast

Cited by 25 publications

References 44 publications

French discourse markers in Shaba Swahili conversations

French discourse markers in Shaba Swahili conversations

Toward fused lects: Discourse markers in Hebrew English bilingual conversation twelve years later

Connessione e contatto. Connettivi italiani nel ladino fassano parlato

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