Emilia sonchifolia extract activity against white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus in shrimp cell cultures

Abstract

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat several viral and bacterial diseases. The antiviral activities of selected Sephadex LH-20 column fractions and HPLC subfractions of an acetone extract of E. sonchifolia leaves were determined in shrimp Penaeus merguiensis primary lymphoid cells infected with either white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) or yellow head virus (YHV). WSSV and YHV replication was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR tests targeted to the VP19 and ORF1b gene transcripts, respectively. In lymphoid organ cells exposed to 100 µg ml −1 of either the Sephadex fraction F14 or the HPLC F14 subfraction SF4, both fractions caused reduced replication, but YHV replication was reduced only by SF4. In the asthiazolyl blue mitochondrial enzyme activity assays to assess extract cytotoxicity, > 60% of primary lymphoid organ cells remained viable following exposure to 100 µg ml −1 of either F14 or SF4. GC-MS analysis of the HPLC F14 subfraction SF4 showed that it contained 2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol. This study is the first to show that E. sonchifolia leaf extracts might be useful as bioactive agents to protect shrimp against viruses such as WSSV and YHV.KEY WORDS: Antiviral activity · Emilia sonchifolia · Lymphoid organ cell culture · WSSV · YHV · Penaeus merguiensisResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

The effectiveness of methanol extract and fractinations fromleaves of mangroveSonneratia albaand Bruguiera gymnorrhizafor the prevention of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

“…The potency of the herbal ingredients extract for bacterial disease prevention and white spot disease tackling at shrimp rearing has been reported by some researchers (Ahilan et al, 2010;Haq et al, 2011;Banerjee et al, 2012;Immanuel et al, 2012;Sahu et al, 2012;Ghosh & Chakraborty, 2013;Declarador et al, 2014;Maikaeo et al, 2015;Muliani et al, 2015;& Jha et al, 2016).The water fraction of the mangrove Ceriopstagal was effective as anti-WSSV in tiger shrimp (Sudheer et al, 2012.). Further, it mentioned that the survival rate of the tiger prawn fed 1% feeding rate per day with the addition of mangrove C.tagal water fraction as much as 500 mg/body kg/day reached 100% (Sudheer et al, 2011).…”

Antiviral Medicinal Plants of Veterinary Importance: A Literature Review

“…This serious problem has been the focus of several recent investigations on medicinal plants with antiviral activity against WSSV, leading to 51 publications in CAB database. This review lists 12 plant species with activity against WSSV in Table 1S, Supporting Information, that were investigated in a study of 2007 [63] and described in 9 publications from 2014 to 2019 [64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72].…”

Effects of abiotic elicitors on the production of bioactive flavonols in Emilia sonchifolia

“…Another study suggests that the flavonoids present in E. sonchifolia extracts can modulate lens opacification and oxidative stress in selenite-induced cataract (54). Furthermore, Maikaeo, Chotigeat reported that E. sonchifolia leaf extracts, when fed to shrimp, acted as immunostimulants that protect them against virus (white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus) induced diseases (55). The bioactive metabolites in E. sonchifolia had significantly high biological activities and in the future, the plant can be actively used in preclinical, clinical andtherapeutic trials investigating new treatments of diseases.…”

“…The leaves of E. sonchifolia proficiently treat night blindness, wounds and abscesses, roundworm infestations, snake bites, burns, cough, sore ears, fever and bronchitis, while the roots are used for treating diarrhoea (22). Various studies also have documented the pharmacological activities of E. sonchifolia extracts against microbials, inflammation (23), cataract (24), oxidation (25), diabetes (26) and virus (27).…”