“…Studies that support this assertion include Rousseau (1999), Xu (2000, Caporale et al (2004Caporale et al ( , 2005, Rousseau and Vuthipadadorn (2005), Chaudry (2007), Carp (2012), Hamdi et al (2013), and Asongu (2014). Of these studies, only Caporale et al (2004Caporale et al ( , 2005 and Carp (2012) used market-based financial development indicators. Rousseau (1999), Xu (2000), Rousseau and Vuthipadadorn (2005), Hamdi et al (2013), and Asongu (2014) Odhiambo (2010), however, found that investment Granger-causes financial development.…”