Environmental and Molecular Mechanisms of Cold Adaptation in Polar Marine Invertebrates

Marsh, Adam G.

doi:10.5479/si.097884601x.18

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…The high sensitivity of development of Antarctic marine invertebrates to temperature has been noted in many studies and is considered to be due to cold adaptation through millions of years in stable low temperature conditions (Pearse et al ., ; Stanwell‐Smith & Peck, ; Marsh et al ., , ; Peck et al ., ; Marsh, ). The 1.0 °C (2 °C above ambient) treatment had a marked influence on the pace of development in S. neumayeri .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The distribution of S. neumayeri around Antarctica is strongly influenced by sea surface temperature and sea ice coverage (Pierrat et al ., ). Sterechinus neumayeri is an important model organism for research into the ecophysiology and ecotoxicology of Antarctic marine invertebrates (King & Riddle, ; Marsh et al ., ; Cowart et al ., ; Marsh, ; Lister et al ., ) including the effects of increased temperature and decreased pH on development (Clark et al ., ; Ericson et al ., , ). Overall fertilization and early development (to blastula) in S. neumayeri is relatively robust to near future acidification and warming (Stokes et al ., ; Ericson et al ., , ; Yu et al ., ), while larvae derived from embryos generated in ambient conditions and transferred to pH 7.6 exhibit reduced arm growth (Clark et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…We investigated the impacts of simultaneous exposure to warming and acidification on development to the pluteus larva in S. neumayeri in embryos fertilized in experimental conditions. As a stenothermal Antarctic invertebrate with a very slow metabolic rate (Marsh, ) S. neumayeri is likely to be highly sensitive to warming and acidification. Embryos were reared under projected future ocean change (2100+, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ; acidification: −0.3–0.5 pH, warming +2 °C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vulnerability of the calcifying larval stage of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri to near‐future ocean acidification and warming

Byrne

Koleits

et al. 2013

Global Change Biology

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Stenothermal polar benthic marine invertebrates are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations but little is known about potential synergistic effects of concurrent ocean warming and acidification on development of their embryos and larvae. We examined the effects of these stressors on development to the calcifying larval stage in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri in embryos reared in present and future (2100+) ocean conditions from fertilization. Embryos were reared in 2 temperature (ambient: -1.0 °C, + 2 °C : 1.0 °C) and 3 pH (ambient: pH 8.0, -0.2-0.4 pH units: 7.8,7.6) levels. Principle coordinates analysis on five larval metrics showed a significant effect of temperature and pH on the pattern of growth. Within each temperature, larvae were separated by pH treatment, a pattern primarily influenced by larval arm and body length. Growth was accelerated by temperature with a 20-28% increase in postoral (PO) length at +2 °C across all pH levels. Growth was strongly depressed by reduced pH with a 8-19% decrease in PO length at pH 7.6-7.8 at both temperatures. The boost in growth caused by warming resulted in larvae that were larger than would be observed if acidification was examined in the absence of warming. However, there was no significant interaction between these stressors. The increase in left-right asymmetry and altered body allometry indicated that decreased pH disrupted developmental patterning and acted as a teratogen (agent causing developmental malformation). Decreased developmental success with just a 2 °C warming indicates that development in S. neumayeri is particularly sensitive to increased temperature. Increased temperature also altered larval allometry. Altered body shape impairs swimming and feeding in echinoplutei. In the absence of adaptation, it appears that the larval phase may be a bottleneck for survivorship of S. neumayeri in a changing ocean in a location where poleward migration to escape inhospitable conditions is not possible.

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