Environmental enrichment and exercise housing protocols for mice

Love, Chloe J; Gubert, Carolina; Renoir, Thibault; Hannan, Anthony J.

doi:10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101689

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“… 44 , 60 , 83 , 84 , 85 Short-term EE (or novel environment exposure) allows the study of primary responses, such as immediate-early genes or post-transcriptional impacts, rather than secondary responses which can be investigated with long-term EE. 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 We exposed adult WT and Fmr1 KO mice (male, P60 age-matched) to either their acclimated home cage (sham) or to short-term EE in a cage containing both novel objects and mice for 2 h, followed by immediate isolation of hippocampi and qRT-PCR. Let-7 family miRNAs (let-7a, let-7c, and let-7g) were decreased ( Figure 2 E) in hippocampal lysates from WT mice exposed to EE compared to sham, whereas a control non-Lin28 targeted miRNA, miR-132, was unchanged.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth-suppressor microRNAs mediate synaptic overgrowth and behavioral deficits in Fragile X mental retardation protein deficiency

Subramanian,

Mills,

Paranjpe

et al. 2024

iScience

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth-suppressor microRNAs mediate synaptic overgrowth and behavioral deficits in Fragile X mental retardation protein deficiency

Subramanian,

Mills,

Paranjpe

et al. 2024

iScience

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“…There are many reasons for this, which may be related to technical, procedural and methodological differences in the conduct of experiments. In recent years, a number of attempts have been made to create a more or less unified protocol for investigating the effects of an enriched environment on various forms of emotional and cognitive behavior ( Harland and Dalrymple-Alford, 2020 ; Love et al, 2022 ). No doubt that it is very hard (if possible at all) to unify the characteristics of an enriched environment, the training methods (even within the same behavioral model), age, kind, genetic line of animals, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The systemic effects of the enriched environment on the conditioned fear reaction

Grigoryan

2023

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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In this review, a hypothesis is proposed to explain the beneficial effect of an enriched environment (EE) on the conditioned fear reaction (CFR) from the perspective of a functional system of behavioral control. According to the hypothesis, the EE affects all behavioral act components, including the processing of sensory information, memory, motivational and reinforcing systems, and motor activities, which weakens the CFR. Animals raised in the EE have effects that are comparable to those of context (CTX) and CS pre-exposures at latent inhibition. An abundance of stimuli in the EE and constant contact with them provide the formation of CS-noUS and CTX-noUS connections that later, during CFR learning, slow down and diminish fear. The EE also contributes to faster processing of information and habituation to it. As a result, many stimuli in the context lose their significance, and subjects simply ignore them. And finally, the EE affects the motivational and reinforcing brain mechanisms, induces an impairment of search activity, and worsens memory consolidation, which leads to a reduction of CFR.

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“…The brain has, however, an intrinsic slow rate of β-oxidation ( Schönfeld and Reiser, 2013 ), possibly explaining the lack of enhanced sensitivity to the mitochondrial biogenetic stimulus of BCAAem in the hippocampus in trained animals. Further experiments applying mice physical activity protocols less stressful than forced treadmill running (e.g., environmental enrichment and free-running wheels available throughout the period of dietary supplementation) ( Love et al, 2022 ) could be more appropriate to investigate BCAAem’s capacity to enhance exercise benefits in advanced age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A balanced formula of essential amino acids promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis and protects neurons from ischemic insult

et al. 2023

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Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a key role in the aging process, and aging is a strong risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases or brain injury characterized by impairment of mitochondrial function. Among these, ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and permanent disability worldwide. Pharmacological approaches for its prevention and therapy are limited. Although non-pharmacological interventions such as physical exercise, which promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis, have been shown to exert preventive effects against ischemic stroke, regular feasibility is complex in older people, and nutraceutical strategies could be valuable alternatives. We show here that dietary supplementation with a balanced essential amino acid mixture (BCAAem) increased mitochondrial biogenesis and the endogenous antioxidant response in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice to an extent comparable to those elicited by treadmill exercise training, suggesting BCAAem as an effective exercise mimetic on brain mitochondrial health and disease prevention. In vitro BCAAem treatment directly exerted mitochondrial biogenic effects and induced antioxidant enzyme expression in primary mouse cortical neurons. Further, exposure to BCAAem protected cortical neurons from the ischemic damage induced by an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation, OGD). BCAAem-mediated protection against OGD was abolished in the presence of rapamycin, Torin-1, or L-NAME, indicating the requirement of both mTOR and eNOS signaling pathways in the BCAAem effects. We propose BCAAem supplementation as an alternative to physical exercise to prevent brain mitochondrial derangements leading to neurodegeneration and as a nutraceutical intervention aiding recovery after cerebral ischemia in conjunction with conventional drugs.

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Environmental enrichment and exercise housing protocols for mice

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Growth-suppressor microRNAs mediate synaptic overgrowth and behavioral deficits in Fragile X mental retardation protein deficiency

Growth-suppressor microRNAs mediate synaptic overgrowth and behavioral deficits in Fragile X mental retardation protein deficiency

The systemic effects of the enriched environment on the conditioned fear reaction

A balanced formula of essential amino acids promotes brain mitochondrial biogenesis and protects neurons from ischemic insult

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