Our modern society has become increasingly reliant on the services provided by global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs). In addition to traditional functions, such as navigation and positioning, other high-impact applications, such as power grids, financial services, communications, and network systems, also rely on the precise timing service provided by GNSSs. However, GNSS receivers are vulnerable to disturbances because of the weak GNSS signal power. Ionospheric scintillation is one type of such disturbance that refers to rapid amplitude and/or phase fluctuations of the GNSS signals propagating through ionospheric irregularities (Breitsch