Esterification of high FFA content waste cooking oil through different techniques including the utilization of cement kiln dust as a heterogeneous catalyst: A comparative study

Al-Sakkari, Eslam G.; Abdeldayem, Omar M.; Sheltawy, S. T. El; Abadir, M. F.; Soliman, Ahmed M.; Rene, Eldon R.; Ismail, Ibrahim

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118519

Cited by 35 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…In some studies, using a one-step acid esterification process, it was observed that the FFA was reduced below 1%. However, it was determined that methanol and acid catalyst were used at high rates during these processes [27,31]. In this study, waste olive oil with an FFA of 23% was reduced to less than 1% by a one-step acid esterification.…”

Section: Results Of Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Determination of optimum parameters for esterification in high free fatty acid olive oil and ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production

Söyler

Balki

Sayın

2021

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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In this study, biodiesel was produced from high free fatty acid (FFA) oil obtained from waste olives, whose food quality deteriorated by falling from the tree to the ground. The FFA value of the oil obtained from waste olives was determined as 23% by titration method. In order to produce biodiesel with high conversion efficiency, esterification process was carried out to reach at least 1% FFA value in the first stage of the study. Acid esterification experiments were designed according to Taguchi's L 16 (4 2 2 1 ) orthogonal array. The amount of sulfuric acid catalyst, methanol ratio, and mixing speed were taken as the test variables for the esterification process. For the lowest FFA value, optimum test parameters were determined using the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. In the biodiesel production stage, ultrasound-assisted transesterification method was preferred in terms of high conversion efficiency and short reaction duration. According to the results, it was determined that the optimum reaction conditions in the esterification process were 25% by weight acid catalyst (according to the weight of the FFA in the oil), 22:1 methanol molar ratio in terms of fatty acids, and 400 rpm mixing speed. At these reaction conditions, the FFA of the oil was reduced from 23 to 0.608% in a single step. In the ultrasound-assisted process, Waste olive oil methyl ester (WOOME) conversion yield of 98.7% was achieved in a reaction time of 10 min. The fuel properties of WOOME (also called biodiesel) were determined to be within the EN 14214 standard. As a result, optimization was made to minimize the use of alcohol and catalyst in the acid esterification process. Also, time and energy savings were achieved in biodiesel production with ultrasound-assisted.

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Section: Results Of Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

Determination of optimum parameters for esterification in high free fatty acid olive oil and ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production

Söyler

Balki

Sayın

2021

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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“…The phenomenon of the high molar ratio of methanol was also found in acid esterification. Al-Sakkari et al [16] reported the use of 52:1 methanol to oil molar ratio in esterification process of waste cooking oil using sulfuric acid catalyst.…”

Section: Effect Of Oil:methanol Molar Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the heterogenous catalyst are required to replace the homogenous. The use of heterogenous catalyst is expected to overcome this weakness, because it was easily separated and did not require neutralization [16]. One of heterogenous catalyst that can used is a photocatalyst that can provide an additional advantage: allowing the esterification to occur at room temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Photocatalytic Esterification and Addition Reaction of Fatty Acids in Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma sp.) Oil over CuO/TiO2 Catalyst - A Novel Approach

Redjeki

Sukirno

Slamet

2021

Bull. Chem. React. Eng. Catal.

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A novel approach, namely photocatalytic esterification and addition reaction of unsaturated fatty acids using CuO/TiO2 catalyst has been investigated in kemiri sunan oil. The objectives of this study are to reduce the free fatty acid (FFA) content by using catalyst CuO/TiO2, characterization of the catalyst and the operation condition of reaction. The CuO/TiO2 catalyst was synthesized by the impregnation of TiO2 P25 powder with copper nitrate solution as a precursor and followed by calcination. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) result showed that copper oxide was highly dispersed on the TiO2 surface. The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) result showed that Cu is in the state of CuO (Cu2+), while Ti is in Ti4+ ( TiO2). The bandgap energy of CuO/TiO2 was smaller than TiO2 P25. It was found that the reactions conducted in the presence of CuO/TiO2 in a photoreactor under UV irradiation can perform esterification and addition reaction of the FFA, simultaneously. The optimum reduction of the FFA was under condition of 4% loading CuO/TiO2, 4 hours reaction time, 30:1 (mole/mole) methanol to oil ratio, 5% (w/w) catalyst amount. The conversion of FFA was at around 59%. The Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed that the addition reaction of -eleostearic acid simultaneously occured at 100% conversion. Although the photocatalyst selectivity in FFA reduction was relatively low, but double bond reduction of -eleostearic acid (C18:3) was very high. The reduction of multiple double bond is considered as positive poin to improve the oxidative stability of the product. The simultaneous esterification and addition reactions mechanism has been proposed. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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“…Transesterification is a reaction between triglycerides that can be obtained from oil derived from plants or fats from animals with alcohol to produce FAME and glycerol as a byproduct [6,7]. Esterification is carried out if the FFA content of the raw materials is higher than 2% [8,9]. If the FFA content <1%, biodiesel synthesis is carried out by transesterification only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production from Methanolysis of Lard Using CaO Catalyst Derived from Eggshell: Effects of Reaction Time and Catalyst Loading

Buchori¹,

Anggoro²,

Ma’ruf³

2021

Adv. sci. technol. eng. syst. j.

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Biodiesel was produced from lard using a CaO catalyst derived from eggshells. The effects of catalyst loading and transesterification reaction time were investigated. The results revealed that the increase in yield of biodiesel occurred at all catalyst loading when the reaction time was increased. The optimal reaction time was obtained at 60 minutes. The results also indicated that there was an increase in yield of biodiesel when the catalyst loading was increased from 0.5% to 1%. Furthermore, increases in catalyst loading decreased biodiesel yields. The most optimum biodiesel yield of 92.69% was achieved when the reaction time, catalyst loading, methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and pressure were 60 minutes, 1%, 6:1, 65 °C, and 1 atm, respectively. The FAME content in biodiesel product was 95.28%. The biodiesel obtained reflected a cetane number and heating value of 46.2 and 37.86 MJ/kg, respectively. Eggshell-derived CaO catalysts exhibited excellent reusability.

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Esterification of high FFA content waste cooking oil through different techniques including the utilization of cement kiln dust as a heterogeneous catalyst: A comparative study

Cited by 35 publications

References 90 publications

Determination of optimum parameters for esterification in high free fatty acid olive oil and ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production

Determination of optimum parameters for esterification in high free fatty acid olive oil and ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production

Simultaneous Photocatalytic Esterification and Addition Reaction of Fatty Acids in Kemiri Sunan (Reutealis trisperma sp.) Oil over CuO/TiO2 Catalyst - A Novel Approach

Biodiesel Production from Methanolysis of Lard Using CaO Catalyst Derived from Eggshell: Effects of Reaction Time and Catalyst Loading

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