Estimation of shipping emissions in Candarli Gulf, Turkey

Abstract

Ships are significant air pollution sources as their high powered main engines often use heavy fuels. The major atmospheric components emitted are nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxide gases, carbon oxides, and toxic air pollutants. Shipping emissions cause severe impacts on health and environment. These effects of emissions are emerged especially in territorial waters, inland seas, canals, straits, bays, and port regions. Candarli Gulf is one of the major industrial regions on the Aegean side of Turkey. The marine environment of the region is affected by emissions from ships calling to ten different ports. In this study, NO( x ), SO(2), CO(2), hydrocarbons (HC), and PM emissions from 7,520 ships are estimated during the year of 2007. These emissions are classified regarding operation modes and types of ships. Annual shipping emissions are estimated as 631.2 t year(-1) for NO(x), 573.6 t year(-1) for SO(2), 33,848.9 t year(-1) for CO(2), 32.3 t year(-1) for HC, and 57.4 t year(-1) for PM.

Ships, ports and particulate air pollution - an analysis of recent studies

“…The first study was carried out in the Candarli Gulf and the second study at the Ambarli Port [25,26]. The objective of the studies was to estimate the amount of major atmospheric components emitted from heavy ship engines.…”

“…Next to some gaseous air pollutants the studies focused mainly on PM with no distinction between different PM-fractions. The first study in the Candarli Gulf PM investigated the annual shipping emissions from 7520 ships during the year of 2007 and the researcher estimated 57.4 tons per year (t/y) for PM [26]. In the second study Deniz et al calculated the exhaust emissions from ships at the Ambarli Port by utilizing data acquired in 2005.…”

An Investigation on the Effects of Ship Sourced Emissions in Izmir Port, Turkey

“…Shipping activities are one of major air pollution sources as the ships that have high powered main engines often use heavy fuels. More than 95% of the world's shipping fleet is powered by diesel engines [6]. …”

The role of a cap-and-trade market in reducing NOx and SOx emissions: Prospects and benefits for ships within the Northern European ECA

“…The sample comprises 37 actual identified ships that, at the time the analysis was conducted, were actively operating in northern waters. The types of ship in the sample were car carriers (4), container ships (3), cruise ships (2), general cargo (1), passenger ships (7), Ro-Ro cargo ships (9), tankers (7), supply ships/icebreakers (3) and utility vessels (1). Technical specifications for each of the sample ships were retrieved from Lloyd's Fairplay Database and supplemented in some respects from other sources.…”