Etiology of Acute Gastroenteritis in Three Sentinel General Practices, Austria 2007

Huhulescu, Steliana; Kiss, Robert S.; Brettlecker, M.; Černý, Rudolf; Heß, Claudia; Wewalka, G.; Allerberger, Franz

doi:10.1007/s15010-008-8106-z

Cited by 66 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Enteric bacterial pathogens were isolated using traditional diagnostic techniques from 10z of patients with acute diarrhea, which falls within the previously reported range of 4.8z to 55.1z (6,(8)(9)(10). It should be noted that variations pertaining to geographical area, the types of enteric pathogens, and diagnostic methods were observed in these studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Analysis of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Acute Diarrhea on the Basis of Sentinel Surveillance in Shanghai, China, 2006–2011

Zhang¹,

Zhao²,

Ding³

et al. 2014

Jpn J Infect Dis

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SUMMARY: Acute diarrhea is the most common infectious disease worldwide and its causes vary from one region to another. We aimed to analyze the spectrum and epidemiological characteristics of pathogens from 22,386 outpatients with acute diarrhea on the basis of surveillance data from Shanghai, China, during 2006-2011. The following 8 pathogens were isolated and identified using standard methods: Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, enteroinvasive E. coli, and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. In total, 2,234 strains of pathogens were obtained and the overall isolation rate of these 8 pathogens gradually decreased from 17.1z in 2006 to 7.4z in 2011. V. parahaemolyticus was the most frequently identified pathogen, followed by Shigella and Salmonella. The isolation rate of V. parahaemolyticus notably varied by season, whereas Salmonella and Shigella infections showed little seasonal variation. Age-related variation was also observed. V. parahaemolyticus infection occurred more often in patients aged 20-40 years. S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and S. flexneri were the most common serotypes of Salmonella and Shigella, respectively. The descending trend observed in the isolation rate of pathogens from the current surveillance suggests an urgent requirement or improvement.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Analysis of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Acute Diarrhea on the Basis of Sentinel Surveillance in Shanghai, China, 2006–2011

Zhang¹,

Zhao²,

Ding³

et al. 2014

Jpn J Infect Dis

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“…Surveillance systems mostly focus on foodborne disease, the data coming mainly from large outbreaks in restaurants, hospitals etc, whereas sporadic cases, particularly milder infections in the home, go largely unreported [13]. Community-based studies in the UK [14], the Netherlands [15] and Austria [16] suggest that foodborne infections represent only a fraction of the total burden of gastrointestinal infections. The 2003 WHO report stated that, among all outbreaks reported in Europe, 60% in 1999 and 69% in 2000 were due to personto-person rather than foodborne transmission [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lebensmittelbedingte Krankheitsausbrüche, Österreich 2007

Much

Pichler

Kasper

et al. 2009

Wien Klin Wochenschr

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In 2007 Austria reported a total of 438 foodborne outbreaks affecting 1715 people, including 286 hospitalized patients and one death. Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. accounted for 95% of all reported outbreaks. Forty-eight (11%) of the 438 Austrian outbreaks were acquired abroad. Of the 390 domestically acquired foodborne outbreaks, bacterial infection caused 376, viruses (norovirus and 1-time hepatitis A virus) caused 11, and intoxications (Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, alkaloid toxins) caused two. In one outbreak the causative agent was unknown. Salmonella spp. caused 264 (70%) of the bacterial outbreaks, Campylobacter spp. caused 104 (28%), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC O145:H-, O157:H-, O157:H7, O182: H49, O91:H7, ONT:H4) caused six, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei each caused two. The hospitalization rates were 22% for domestically acquired infections with Salmonella spp. and 14% for Campylobacter spp. Among outbreaks where the source was known, eggs were implicated in 49%, meat products (especially poultry) in 44% and fish in 2%. The ratio of household outbreaks to general outbreaks was 82.3% to 17.7%. In 54 of the 62 general domestic outbreaks the following locations of exposure were documented: commercial food suppliers (e.g. restaurants, cafeterias) 24 times, family celebrations, nursery schools, take-aways and barbecues 22 times, nursing homes and hospitals eight times. It is likely that the relatively high number of household outbreaks reflects an insufficient level of epidemiological investigation of outbreaks in Austria. More resources may be needed for identification of individual clusters that belong to larger foodborne outbreaks exceeding district or provincial borders.

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“…Although the assays do not enable typing of the isolates, they are useful for rapid detection of the virus when large numbers of samples must be analyzed (167,(276)(277)(278)(279). EIA-based techniques have been reported to have the same sensitivity as direct EM observation (228) but obviously are much less time-consuming.…”

Section: Laboratory Diagnostics Early Developments: Electron Microscomentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Astroviruses

2014

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SUMMARY Human astroviruses (HAtVs) are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that were discovered in 1975. Astroviruses infecting other species, particularly mammalian and avian, were identified and classified into the genera Mamastrovirus and Avastrovirus . Through next-generation sequencing, many new astroviruses infecting different species, including humans, have been described, and the Astroviridae family shows a high diversity and zoonotic potential. Three divergent groups of HAstVs are recognized: the classic ( MAstV 1 ), HAstV-MLB ( MAstV 6 ), and HAstV-VA/HMO ( MAstV 8 and MAstV 9 ) groups. Classic HAstVs contain 8 serotypes and account for 2 to 9% of all acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Infections are usually self-limiting but can also spread systemically and cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The other groups have also been identified in children with gastroenteritis, but extraintestinal pathologies have been suggested for them as well. Classic HAstVs may be grown in cells, allowing the study of their cell cycle, which is similar to that of caliciviruses. The continuous emergence of new astroviruses with a potential zoonotic transmission highlights the need to gain insights on their biology in order to prevent future health threats. This review focuses on the basic virology, pathogenesis, host response, epidemiology, diagnostic assays, and prevention strategies for HAstVs.

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Etiology of Acute Gastroenteritis in Three Sentinel General Practices, Austria 2007

Abstract: Our study underlines a dominant role of norovirus and toxigenic C. difficile as etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis among the patients of general practitioners.

Cited by 66 publications

References 19 publications

Analysis of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Acute Diarrhea on the Basis of Sentinel Surveillance in Shanghai, China, 2006–2011

Analysis of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Acute Diarrhea on the Basis of Sentinel Surveillance in Shanghai, China, 2006–2011

Lebensmittelbedingte Krankheitsausbrüche, Österreich 2007

Human Astroviruses

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