Evaluation of Early Macrophage Activation and NF-κB Activity in Pulmonary Injury Caused by Deep Hypothermia Circulatory Arrest: An Experimental Study

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze changes in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), inflammation factors, and macrophages in pulmonary tissue under deep hypothermia circulatory arrest (DHCA) at different time points, which can be used to infer the role of early macrophage activation and NF-kappaB activity in pulmonary injury. The possible pathogenic mechanisms of DHCA-induced pulmonary injury were investigated in this study to provide an experimental basis for clinical lung protective strategies. Piglets (n = 12) were randomly divided into 2 groups, with 6 piglets in each group. The control group had ambient temperature cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and the experimental group had DHCA. Both groups had conventional CPB with 30 min of parallel circulation. Changes in NF-kappaB and inflammatory factors were examined in each group at 6 different time points. At 0.5 h after ischemia-reperfusion, NF-kappaB expression in the nucleus of pulmonary tissue reached its peak, and brown-stained nuclei were mainly polymorphonuclear antibodies. At 1 h after ischemia-reperfusion, plasma tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the experimental group was significantly increased compared with that before reperfusion (P < 0.05). The plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 in the experimental group were significantly increased at 1.5 h after ischemia-reperfusion compared with the levels before reperfusion (P < 0.05). Early activation of NF-kappaB under DHCA might play an important role in DHCA-induced pulmonary injury.

The Preventative Role of Curcumin on the Lung Inflammatory Response Induced by Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Rats

“…There is increasing evidence for activation of NF-kB after CPB [27], which was supported by our data as well. Moreover, we further corroborated that curcumin could down-regulate the expression of NF-kB protein.…”

“…It has been well-documented that PPARg regulates inflammation by antagonizing NF-kB transcriptional activity [29]. A rat sepsis model showed that curcumin suppresses the NF-kB activation following the upregulation of PPARg expression and results in an anti-inflammatory effect [27]. Further experiments are required to determine the effects of curcumin on the responses to oxidative stress and the expression of PPARg in the case of CPB.…”

Increasing duration of circulatory arrest, but not antegrade cerebral perfusion, prolongs postoperative recovery after neonatal cardiac surgery

“…Furthermore, the systemic inflammation, triggered by surgery and the use of CPB, seems enhanced by the use of DHCA. 21,22 Especially in the presence of endothelial dysfunction after DHCA, this can importantly impair end-organ perfusion. [21][22][23] The combination of these factors may have led to the declining hemodynamic and renal function with increasing DHCA duration.…”

“…21,22 Especially in the presence of endothelial dysfunction after DHCA, this can importantly impair end-organ perfusion. [21][22][23] The combination of these factors may have led to the declining hemodynamic and renal function with increasing DHCA duration. Recent literature confirms our findings, as in adult aortic arch repair with DHCA, longer duration of DHCA results in more renal failure postoperatively.…”

Low body temperature governs the decline of circulating lymphocytes during hibernation through sphingosine-1-phosphate

“…Inflammatory responses induced by hypothermia are implicated in organ injury following therapeutic hypothermia (11)(12)(13). Several specific changes occur in the immune system of hibernating animals, such as lower complement levels, phagocytotic capacity, cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production (reviewed in ref.…”