Exopolysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum (purpureum) is Not Toxic and Stimulates Immune Response against Vibriosis: The Assessment Using Zebrafish and White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Abstract

Exopolysaccharides, or extracellular polysaccharides (EPS, sPS), represent a valuable metabolite compound synthesized from red microalgae. It is a non-toxic natural agent and can be applied as an immunostimulant. The toxicity test of exopolysaccharides from Porphyridium has been done in vivo using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic model, or the ZET (zebrafish embryotoxicity test). The administration of extracellular polysaccharides or exopolysaccharides (EPS) from microalgae Porphyridium cruentum (synonym: P. purpureum) to shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei was investigated to determine the effect of this immunostimulant on their non-specific immune response and to test if this compound can be used as a protective agent for shrimps in relation to Vibrio infection. For immune response, exopolysaccharides were given to shrimps via the immersion method on day 1 and booster on day 8. Shrimp hemocytes were taken on day 1 (EPS administration), day 7 (no treatment), day 8 (EPS booster) and day 9 (Vibrio infection) and tested for their immune response on each treatment. The result shows that the EPS is not toxic, as represented by the normal embryonic development and the mortality data. In the Pacific white shrimps, an increase in the values of all immune parameters was shown, in line with the increasing EPS concentration, except for the differential hemocyte count (DHC). In detail, an increase was noted in total hemocytes (THC) value, phagocytotic activity (PA) and respiratory burst (RB) in line with the EPS concentration increase. These results and other previous studies indicate that EPS from Porphyridium is safe, enhances immune parameters in shrimp rapidly, and has the ability to act as an immunostimulant or an immunomodulator. It is a good modulator for the non-specific immune cells of Pacific white shrimps, and it can be used as a preventive agent against vibriosis.

Limosilactobacillus fermentum SWP-AFFS02 Improves the Growth and Survival Rate of White Shrimp via Regulating Immunity and Intestinal Microbiota

“…Granular cells and semi-granular cells exert cytotoxicity and activate the prophenoloxidase system (PO system), but hyaline cells do not activate the PO system. Phagocytosis and respiratory burst (production of superoxide anions) are the major immune abilities of hyaline cells [25]. We found that the LAB feed markedly increased the number of granular cells (Figure 1B) and semi-granular cells (Figure 1C) after 8 weeks of administration.…”

Supplementation of hairy eggplant (Solanum ferox) and bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) extracts as phytobiotic agents on whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

“…The difference in THC values in each treatment may be due to the various concentrations of active ingredients in food due to the treatment that has been determined. The low value of THC at P1 (control) may be influenced by physiological factors such as the slow formation of hemocytes in the shrimp body [ 47 , 48 ]. The exciting discussion confirmed that the low number of shrimp hemocytes is due to infiltration of regenerated tissue and hemocyte cell death due to apoptosis [ 27 ].…”

Analysis of Phytoplankton Structure Community, Water Quality and Cultivation Performance in Litopenaeus vannamei Intensive Pond Located in Tembokrejo Village, Muncar, Banyuwangi

“…The FCR value in both ponds was considered good. The good FCR value in shrimp culture is 1.37-1.66 [3]. The FCR value indicates the level of performance of shrimp in converting feed to yields.…”

“…The advantages comprised the fry quality of shrimp are easy to obtain, having high survival rate, can be cultivated in ponds with high stocking densities, more resistant to disease, short cultivation cycle, and has low feed conversion [2]. The species has become an object for studies to increase their immune system against vibriosis [3].…”