Exopolysaccharides, or extracellular polysaccharides (EPS, sPS), represent a valuable metabolite compound synthesized from red microalgae. It is a non-toxic natural agent and can be applied as an immunostimulant. The toxicity test of exopolysaccharides from Porphyridium has been done in vivo using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic model, or the ZET (zebrafish embryotoxicity test). The administration of extracellular polysaccharides or exopolysaccharides (EPS) from microalgae Porphyridium cruentum (synonym: P. purpureum) to shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei was investigated to determine the effect of this immunostimulant on their non-specific immune response and to test if this compound can be used as a protective agent for shrimps in relation to Vibrio infection. For immune response, exopolysaccharides were given to shrimps via the immersion method on day 1 and booster on day 8. Shrimp hemocytes were taken on day 1 (EPS administration), day 7 (no treatment), day 8 (EPS booster) and day 9 (Vibrio infection) and tested for their immune response on each treatment. The result shows that the EPS is not toxic, as represented by the normal embryonic development and the mortality data. In the Pacific white shrimps, an increase in the values of all immune parameters was shown, in line with the increasing EPS concentration, except for the differential hemocyte count (DHC). In detail, an increase was noted in total hemocytes (THC) value, phagocytotic activity (PA) and respiratory burst (RB) in line with the EPS concentration increase. These results and other previous studies indicate that EPS from Porphyridium is safe, enhances immune parameters in shrimp rapidly, and has the ability to act as an immunostimulant or an immunomodulator. It is a good modulator for the non-specific immune cells of Pacific white shrimps, and it can be used as a preventive agent against vibriosis.

Tea is one of kind drink that most be preferred and consumed the tea community around the world, even most common of the community utilized tea as a healthy drink because it contains antioxidants. Antioxidants can protect cells from damage that caused by the unstable molecules. The determination of tea temperature and optimum time were aimed to know how the influence of the caffeine content of antioxidants, tannin and chatecine. In a flood expected to contain low caffeine levels with high polyphenols.The method in this research was an extraction method that analyzed by using UV-Vis a spectrophotometer. The results showed that the lowest caffeine level was at a temperature 70°C for 15 minutes of 0.51 %, the highest levels of tannin was at the brewing temperature 70°C for 5 minutes of 4.783 %, the highest cetacean levels were at the brewing temperature 85°C for 5 minutes of 1.14 %. So that, the optimum condition was obtained at the brewing temperature70°C for 5 minutes, which have antioxidant activity about 56.75%. PENDAHULUANIndonesia adalah Negara yang terkenal dengan hasil pertaniannya, karena Indonesia memiliki wilayah daratan dan perairan yang sangat luas yang sebagian besar wilayah daratnya merupakan tanah yang subur, sehingga sangat baik untuk pertanian. Salah satu hasil pertanian yang dapat memberikan pengaruh besar dalam era perdagangan ialah produksi teh. Teh merupakan salah satu minuman yang banyak disukai dan dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat di seluruh dunia setelah air putih, bahkan sebagian besar masyarakat memanfaatkan teh sebagai minuman yang menyehatkan.Teh diolah dengan cara yang berbeda. Pengolahan yang berbeda akan menghasilkan jenis teh yang berbeda pula (Suryaningrum, 2017). Secara umum, teh diklasifikasikan menjadi empat jenis, yaitu teh putih, teh hijau, teh oolong dan teh hitam. Teh putih dan teh hijau dibuat dengan cara menginaktifasi enzim oksidase yang ada pada pucuk teh segar melalui pemanasan atau penguapan. Teh hitam dibuat dengan cara memanfaatkan terjadinya oksidasi enzimatis

Porphyridium cruentum microalgae have great potential to be developed as a source of active ingredients in various fields of health. It excretes secondary metabolites in the form of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), potentially as antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, and immunostimulant components. This study aims to obtain the best culture density of P. cruentum, the active component of P. cruentum (EPS), and the chemical composition of EPS. The P. cruentum was cultivated on 15%, 20% and 25% culture stock, with an addition of silicate, Fe and vitamins in sterile seawater medium with salinity 35‰, pH 8, temperature 25-27°C, with continuous aeration and 2500 lux continuous 24 hours, for 14 days of culture period. The results of this study indicate differences in growth rates and abundance of microalgae to each culture stock. The 15%, 20% and 25% culture stocks each showed stationary phase at days 10 th , 12 th and 14 th , with EPS concentrations of 10 ppt, 12 ppt, and 15 ppt, respectively. Variation of P. cruentum culture showed different EPS results, with a density of 25% capable of producing the highest EPS extract of 15,000 mg.L-1. The EPS is known to contain glucose and carboxylic acid compounds that can be utilized in the health and industrial fields.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes damage to the supporting structures of the teeth, and if left untreated, it can lead to impaired function, appearance, pain, and tooth loss. Periodontitis is caused by bacteria that adhere to and grow on the tooth surface. The “red complex” bacteria consisted of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. These bacteria will trigger an inflammatory response in the body. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an IL that acts both as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 is a stimulator for MMP production. To treat the periodontal disease can be through non-surgical therapy as well as surgical therapy, to maximize therapy, it is accompanied by antimicrobial therapy. However, because of the frequent use of antimicrobials, causing antimicrobial resistance in patients, the use of natural ingredients as additional therapy is very necessary for this study using Moringa leaves as a substitute for antimicrobials. AIM: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Moringa leaf in influencing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. The first benefit of this research is to provide scientific information in the field of dentistry regarding the effectiveness of Moringa leaves against red-complex bacteria P. gingivalis as a cause of chronic periodontitis through anti-inflammatory cytokine analysis. METHODS: The type of research that will be used is quasi-experimental with a post-test research design with a control group design. This study used a sample consisted of 30 Wistars (Rattus novergicus) and was divided into two groups based on periodontal tissue sampling as follows treatment group which was treated with extracts Moringa and control group with aquadest irrigation after bacterial induction in the gingival sulcus. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 and centrifuged obtain blood serum and serum cytokine levels (pg/mL) were quantified using a commercial ELISA IL-6 kit. RESULTS: This study obtained the results that there was a decrease in IL-6 in both groups on the 3rd day of observation (D3) where the treatment group given Moringa extract showed a greater decrease in IL-6 levels compared to the control group. There is a significant value in the comparison of IL-6 levels between the two groups with p-value: 0.000 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Moringa oleifera leaf extract showed the anti-inflammatory effect on inflammation induced by the bacterium P. gingivalis. M. oleifera extract can reduce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 induced by P. gingivalis bacteria in periodontitis.

Wastewater is the remainder of an activity released in the liquid form. Wastewater product is feared to have negative influence on the environmental balance; therefore, it is necessary to measure the quality standards of wastewater as a reference in the disposal and treatment. Bioremediation is an environmentally friendly technology utilizing microorganisms as agents in the process of cleaning or restoring wastewater conditions. The use of microorganism services can reduce the concentration of organic waste into simpler organic compounds by converting organic compounds into CO2, CH4, H2, and H2S, as well as water and energy intended for the process of growth and production of microorganisms in the remediation process. This study aims to identify the type of dominant bacteria growing in the wastewater of the sugar factory and has a potential role as a bioremediation agent for the waste. The method used in this study is the experimental, by observing several environmental parameters as indicators, among others, BOD, COD,TSS, and pH. The results of this study found two types of dominant bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, then used as bioremediation agents. The bioremediation activity was able to reduce pH, BOD, and COD levels.