Experimental inundative releases of different strains of the egg parasite Trichogramma in Brussels sprouts

Pak, G.A.; Heiningen, T. G.; Alebeek, F.A.N. van; Hassan, S. A.; Lenteren, J.C. van

doi:10.1007/bf01999968

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This paralleled a previous cage study (Smith et al 1986) that indicated that parasitism of (sentinel) egg masses was not dependent on the number of egg masses available in the cage. Other studies generally show a common density-independent response by Trichogramma to host densities (e.g., Thomas 1966, Pena & Waddill 1983, Pak et al 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Patterns of Host Exploitation by the Parasitoid Wasp Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) when Attacking Eggs of the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Canadian Forests

Bai¹,

Smith²

1994

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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We examined patterns of host exploitation by natural populations of the parasitoid Trichogramma minutum Riley parasitizing eggs of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), in Canadian boreal forests in an effort to identify aspects to improve inundative releases. Egg masses of spruce budworm were sampled from eight different sites in Ontario and New Brunswick during the period of oviposition in 1992. Parasitoids did not necessarily fully exploit a discovered egg mass; 35% of parasitized egg masses were completely parasitized by naturally occurring T. minutum, but the remaining 65% were only partially parasitized. Not all parasitized host eggs produced viable parasitoid offspring. Natural mortality of immature T. minutum was as high as 52% in one site. This high mortality was not correlated with the degree of superparasitism. The size of adult T. minutum as estimated by wing length varied among different localities, but females were always larger than males from the same site. Females were usually mated before they discovered spruce budworm eggs and produced a female-biased sex ratio when allocating progeny in the field. Field patterns of host exploitation can help us to predict what to expect from inundative release programs and, more important, to identify aspects that need to be enhanced so that a better level of control of spruce budworms can be achieved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Patterns of Host Exploitation by the Parasitoid Wasp Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) when Attacking Eggs of the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Canadian Forests

Bai¹,

Smith²

1994

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

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“…Low walking activity at low temperatures can be a major constraint in the applicability of T. brassicae as a biological control agent in temperate countries, because cool weather leads to unacceptably low levels of field parasitism (P AK et al., 1989). Walking activity and speed (L IMBURG and P AK , 1991) and parasitism at low temperatures (P AK and VAN H EININGEN , 1985) of T. evanescens have a genetic component.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature influences walking speed and walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Suverkropp¹,

Bigler

Lenteren³

2001

J Applied Entomology

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Walking speeds and walking activities (walking time divided by total time) of Trichogramma brassicae were determined at 12, 16, 20 and 25°C. Walking speed was measured during a 5‐min period, and walking activity over a 4‐day period. Both walking speed and walking activity were strongly influenced by temperature. Walking speed increased linearly with the temperature and was twice as high at 20 as at 12°C. At 25°C, walking activity was high during the whole day, at 20 and 16°C it decreased during the afternoon, whereas at 12°C the wasps became most active only at noon or later. At low temperatures, there was a strong individual variation in walking activity. At 25°C, T. brassicae was active most of the time, so the area searched per time unit can only increase at temperatures above 25°C if walking speed increases. At temperatures below 20°C, searching was more restricted by low walking activity than by low walking speed. Even disregarding other effects of temperature, the reduction in walking speed and walking activity at suboptimal temperatures means that T. brassicae can only search half of the area at 20°C, and only one‐seventh at 15°C that it can search at 25°C.

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“…Furthermore, persistence over 24 h or more could even serve as a temporal bridge between moth calling activity and oviposition, since oviposition usually occurs during several nights following calling and mating (Noldus, personal observation). However, in a brussels sprouts field infested by a population of M.brassicae, reproductive activity of moths stretches out over several weeks per generation (Pak et al, 1989) [the number of generations varies with the latitude (Bonnemaison, 1%5)], so that foraging wasps would presumably use kairomones originating from moths that have been calling while others have been ovipositing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moth sex pheromone adsorption to leaf surface: bridge in time for chemical spies

Noldus

Potting

Barendregt

1991

Physiological Entomology

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When brussels sprouts leaves were exposed to air passed over a single calling Mamestra brassicae moth, sex pheromone was adsorbed onto'the leaf surface to such an extent that it subsequently elicited behavioural responses in conspecific male moths, as well as in female Trichogramma evanescens, egg parasitoids of M. brassicae. Male moths responded to odour-treated leaves over a short distance (c. 5 cm) in a wind tunnel, but were not attracted at a distance of 1 m. In contrast, sex pheromone adsorbed to and re-released from the glass wall of a wind tunnel compartment attracted male moths from 1 m. Trichogrammu's locomotory behaviour on leaves is described. On leaves previously exposed to air passed over a calling female moth, Trichogramma wasps stayed significantly longer on leaves treated with clean air or air passed over a non-calling female moth. In addition, wasps spent relatively more time along the margin and on the leaf underside on treated leaves compared with control leaves. All effects persisted for at least 4 h, and after 24 h treated leaves still increased wasp residence times. These results are the first example of responses of male moths to adsorbed airborne sex pheromone originating from a single female moth. They further suggest how sex pheromone released by nocturnal moths may function as a kairomone for diurnally foraging parasitoids.

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Experimental inundative releases of different strains of the egg parasite Trichogramma in Brussels sprouts

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

Patterns of Host Exploitation by the Parasitoid Wasp Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) when Attacking Eggs of the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Canadian Forests

Patterns of Host Exploitation by the Parasitoid Wasp Trichogramma minutum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) when Attacking Eggs of the Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Canadian Forests

Temperature influences walking speed and walking activity of Trichogramma brassicae (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

Moth sex pheromone adsorption to leaf surface: bridge in time for chemical spies

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