Experimental study on channel reciprocity in wireless key generation

Zhang, Junqing; Woods, Roger; Duong, Trung Q.; Marshall, Alan; Ding, Yuan

doi:10.1109/spawc.2016.7536825

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…When the system works at 2.4 GHz, a half-wavelength is about 6 cm, which is quite short. These principles have been theoretically modeled and analyzed in [43], [44] and experimentally validated in [38], [39].…”

Section: Physical Layer Key Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Securing Wireless Communications of the Internet of Things from the Physical Layer, An Overview

Zhang

Duong

Woods

et al. 2017

Entropy

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Abstract:The security of the Internet of Things (IoT) is receiving considerable interest as the low power constraints and complexity features of many IoT devices are limiting the use of conventional cryptographic techniques. This article provides an overview of recent research efforts on alternative approaches for securing IoT wireless communications at the physical layer, specifically the key topics of key generation and physical layer encryption. These schemes can be implemented and are lightweight, and thus offer practical solutions for providing effective IoT wireless security. Future research to make IoT-based physical layer security more robust and pervasive is also covered.

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Section: Physical Layer Key Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Securing Wireless Communications of the Internet of Things from the Physical Layer, An Overview

Zhang

Duong

Woods

et al. 2017

Entropy

Self Cite

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“…It is well known that channel reciprocity holds even in multipath fading channels with slow/fast fading [27,28]. In practice, however, channel reciprocity may not always be true, since the channel measurement times are not identical at each node, and the noise level depends on the transceiver circuit.…”

Section: Next Channel Number Generation Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In practice, however, channel reciprocity may not always be true, since the channel measurement times are not identical at each node, and the noise level depends on the transceiver circuit. Indeed, there are many approaches to ensure channel reciprocity in wireless systems, such as interpolation and filtering [28]. The interpolation methods emulate the identical channel measurement times at the nodes [29,30] and the filtering methods eliminate the high frequency components in noise [31,32].…”

Section: Next Channel Number Generation Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

Channel hopping scheme to mitigate jamming attacks in wireless LANs

Djuraev

Choi

Sohn

et al. 2017

J Wireless Com Network

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Although a jamming attack is an important problem in Wi-Fi networks, there is no effective solution to this problem yet. In this paper, we propose a new approach to resolve jamming attacks in Wi-Fi networks based on the concept of channel hopping. If we assume that the attacker does not jam all the channels simultaneously, then it might be possible to circumvent a jamming attack by changing the channel. A channel hopping mechanism is designed so that the access point (AP) and a normal user can agree on the next channel with a high probability without pre-sharing of any secret information between the AP and a user node. The proposed scheme is evaluated through experiment in a test bed.

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“…The underlying idea of it lies in the use of channel reciprocity and the uncertainty of multipath characteristics to encrypt the transmitted information in order to solve the problem of symmetric secret key distribution [3,4]. Besides, the spatial variation prevents eavesdroppers from observing the same randomness as legitimate users, for a sufficiently large distance between them.Although the uplink and downlink channels are reciprocal, measurements of radio channels are not the same, due to the differences originating from additive noise, transceiver hardware, and time delay in time division duplex (TDD) systems [5]. However, the objective of PKG is to generate a pair of strict identical symmetric keys.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hybrid Information Reconciliation Method for Physical Layer Key Generation

Zhang

et al. 2019

Entropy

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Physical layer key generation (PKG) has become a research focus as it solves the key distribution problem, which is difficult in traditional cryptographic mechanisms. Information reconciliation is a critical process in PKG to obtain symmetric keys. Various reconciliation schemes have been proposed, including the error detection protocol-based approach (EDPA) and error correction code-based approach (ECCA). Both EDPA and ECCA have advantages and drawbacks, regarding information leakage, interaction delay, and computation complexity. In this paper, we choose the BBBSS protocol from EDPA and BCH code from ECCA as a case study, analyzing their comprehensive efficiency performance versus pass number and bit disagreement ratio (BDR), respectively. Next, we integrate the strength of the two to design a new hybrid information reconciliation protocol (HIRP). The design of HIRP consists of three main phases, i.e., training, table lookup, and testing. To comprehensively evaluate the reconciliation schemes, we propose a novel efficiency metric to achieve a balance of corrected bits, information leakage, time delay, and computation time, which represents the effectively corrected bits per unit time. The simulation results show that our proposed method outperforms other reconciliation schemes to improve the comprehensive reconciliation efficiency. The average improvement in efficiency is 2.48 and 22.36 times over the BBBSS and BCH code, respectively, when the range of the BDR is from 0.5% to 11.5%. Compared to the BBBSS protocol and the BCH code, HIRP lies at a mid-level in terms of information leakage and computation time cost. Besides, with the lowest time delay cost, HIRP reaches the highest reconciliation efficiency. Entropy 2019, 21, 688 2 of 17Recently, physical layer key generation (PKG) has been emerging as a supplement to the upper layer key distribution method [2]. The underlying idea of it lies in the use of channel reciprocity and the uncertainty of multipath characteristics to encrypt the transmitted information in order to solve the problem of symmetric secret key distribution [3,4]. Besides, the spatial variation prevents eavesdroppers from observing the same randomness as legitimate users, for a sufficiently large distance between them.Although the uplink and downlink channels are reciprocal, measurements of radio channels are not the same, due to the differences originating from additive noise, transceiver hardware, and time delay in time division duplex (TDD) systems [5]. However, the objective of PKG is to generate a pair of strict identical symmetric keys. Even one bit of difference would lead to decryption failure due to the avalanche effect. To address this issue, information reconciliation is exploited to detect and correct errors in the preliminary key material between the two communicating parties [6].Several information reconciliation approaches have been proposed in previous work. Generally, these approaches can be classified into two categories, i.e., error detection protocol-based approaches (EDPAs...

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Experimental study on channel reciprocity in wireless key generation

Cited by 32 publications

References 15 publications

Securing Wireless Communications of the Internet of Things from the Physical Layer, An Overview

Securing Wireless Communications of the Internet of Things from the Physical Layer, An Overview

Channel hopping scheme to mitigate jamming attacks in wireless LANs

A Hybrid Information Reconciliation Method for Physical Layer Key Generation

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